Abnormality of Auricular Muscles in Congenital Auricular Deformities

Yotsuyanagi, Takatoshi; Yamauchi, M.; Yamashita, Ken; Sugai, Asuka; Gonda, Ayako; Kitada, Ayaka; Saito, Tomoya; Urushidate, Satoshi

doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000001383

Cited by 29 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The peri-auricular muscles (PAMs) can be found in 95% of the population but do not currently serve any physiologic function [5–8]. Typically, three extrinsic auricular muscles comprise the peri-auricular muscle complex for each ear and are innervated by branches of the cranial nerves [6, 9, 10]. Cranial nerves do not enter or exit the spinal column, thus are unlikely to be affected in cases of SCI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a training paradigm for voluntary control of the peri-auricular muscles: a feasibility study

Chanthaphun

Heck²,

Winstein

et al. 2019

J NeuroEngineering Rehabil

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Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to severe and permanent functional deficits. In humans, peri-auricular muscles (PAMs) do not serve any physiological function, though their innervation is preserved in even high level SCI. Auricular control systems provide a good example of leveraging contemporary technologies (e.g., sEMG controlled computer games) to enable those with disabilities. Our primary objective is to develop and test the effectiveness of an auricular muscle training protocol to facilitate isolated and coordinated, bilateral voluntary control that could be used in individuals without volitional control of the vestigial PAMs. Methods Seventeen non-disabled persons were screened; 13 were eligible and 10 completed the entire protocol. The facilitation phase, included one session of sub-motor threshold, sensory electrical stimulation followed by neuromuscular electrical stimulation paired with ear movement feedback for up to 8 additional sessions. Participants progressed to the skill acquisition phase where they dawned an auricular control device that used sEMG signals to control movements of a cursor through three levels of computer games, each requiring increasingly more complex PAM coordination. Results The 10 who completed the protocol, finished the facilitation phase in 3 to 9 sessions and achieved some level of voluntary auricle movement that ranged between 1 and 5 mm. Qualitative analysis of longitudinal post-session auricular movement, revealed two subgroups of learners. Six successfully completed all 3 games—the “Learners”. Two were partially successful in game completion and two were unable to complete a single game--“Poor/Non-Learners”. Quantitative analysis revealed a significant group difference in auricular amplitude for both facilitation and skill phases ( p < .05), and a significant relationship between performance in the two phases (R 2 = 0.84, p = 0.004). Conclusion Sixty percent of those who completed the facilitation phase were able to learn and demonstrate functional voluntary control of the vestigial PAMs. Those who progressed the fastest through facilitation were also those who were most proficient in skill acquisition with the device. There was considerable variability in progression through the two-phase protocol, with 20% deemed Poor/Non-Learners and unable to complete even the most basic game following training. There were no serious adverse events. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02358915 , first posted February 9, 2015.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a training paradigm for voluntary control of the peri-auricular muscles: a feasibility study

Chanthaphun

Heck²,

Winstein

et al. 2019

J NeuroEngineering Rehabil

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“…In humans, three extrinsic auricular muscles—the SAM, AAM, and PAM—arise from the temporal aspect of the cranium and insert into the auricular cartilage (Figure 1 A). They hold the auricles in place and are responsible for the reinforcement, positioning, and angle of the auricle ( 1 , 8 ). They are innervated by the temporal (SAM and AAM) and PAM branches of the facial nerve ( 3 , 9 ), and vascularized by the superficial temporal, posterior auricular, and occipital arteries ( 10 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the intrinsic auricular muscles contribute to the overall topography of the human ear. They also function as a sphincter of the external auditory meatus ( 3 , 5 , 8 – 13 ). The six intrinsic auricular muscles can be divided into two groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The anterior group includes the HMJM, HMNM, TR, and ATR, and the posterior group includes the OAM and TAM (Figure 1 A) ( 1 ). All the intrinsic auricular muscles are innervated by branches of the facial nerve and vascularized by branches of the superficial temporal, posterior auricular, and occipital arteries ( 1 , 8 ). The temporalis branch of the facial nerve innervates the tragicus (TR and ATR) and helicis (HMJM and HMNM) muscles, but contributions of the posterior (HMNM) and inferior auricular (TR) branches of the facial nerve have also been reported ( 14 – 19 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuroprosthetics for Auricular Muscles: Neural Networks and Clinical Aspects

2018

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The mammalian external ear houses extrinsic and intrinsic auricular muscles. There are three extrinsic auricular muscles—the posterior, superior, and anterior auricular muscles—and six intrinsic muscles—the helicis major and minor, tragicus, anti-tragicus, transverse and oblique muscles. These muscles have been considered vestigial in humans. However, numerous therapeutic and diagnostic wearable devices are designed to monitor and alleviate the symptoms of neurological disorders, brainstem injuries, emotional states, and auditory functions, by making use of the neural networks of the auricular muscles and their locations, which are easily accessible for ergonomic wearable biomedical devices. They can also serve as a bio-controller of human neuroprosthetics. The functionality of these auricular muscles remains elusive and requires further experimentation for a more in-depth understanding of their anatomy. The aims of this review are (1) to provide a detailed account of the neural networks of the extrinsic and intrinsic auricular muscles, (2) to describe diagnostic and therapeutic functions of these muscles as demonstrated in the current literature, and (3) to outline existing and potential neuroprosthetic applications making use of the auricular muscles and their neural networks.

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“…Abnormalities have been identified in the transverse auricular muscle and the posterior auricular muscle in patients with prominent ear. 6 Abnormal development of these muscles may be a cause of the prominent ear deformity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical Treatment of Prominent Ear: 5-Year Clinical Experience in 108 Patients

Yüce¹,

Gunenc²,

Yücel³

et al. 2017

Turk J Plast Surg

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Objective: Prominent ear is a congenital ear deformity that is commonly seen in society and has psychosocial effects. A prominent ear deformity can be due to antihelical fold underdevelopment, concave structure overdevelopment, and lobule overgrowth. Material and Method: In total, 108 patients who underwent autoplasty at our clinic between October 2010 and October 2015 were retrospectively evaluated. These patients were comprised of 63 women and 45 men between the ages of five and 42 years (average age, 18.4 years). Among the 108 patients, 105 had a bilateral prominent ear and three had a unilateral prominent ear. Results: Cephaloauricular angle measurements of patients before the operation ranged from 46 to 57-degree. The median cephaloauricular angle was 51-degree. The recorded upper pole-to-mastoid distance ranged from 15 to 27 mm. The median upper pole-to-mastoid distance was 20 mm. After the operation, the median upper pole-to-mastoid distance was 12 mm. The postoperative median cephaloauricular angle was 27-degree. The average follow-up duration was 18.4 months (range, 3-24 months). Two patients developed hematoma in the early postoperative period. In the late postoperative period, one patient had suture exposition, one had recurrence, six had cold intolerance, one had a bad scar, and one had a telephone ear deformity. Conclusion: Today, autoplasty is one of the most commonly practiced aesthetic operations performed by plastic surgeons. Favorable results can be achieved in remedying the anatomical problems when proper problem-oriented surgical treatments are used. In particular, in early aged patients, it is known that good cosmetic results and important psychological improvement are provided by these procedures.

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Abnormality of Auricular Muscles in Congenital Auricular Deformities

Abstract: There is a tendency for a specific muscle abnormality to be found in each deformity. It is important to identify the abnormal muscle and correct the abnormality during the operation.

Cited by 29 publications

References 12 publications

Development of a training paradigm for voluntary control of the peri-auricular muscles: a feasibility study

Development of a training paradigm for voluntary control of the peri-auricular muscles: a feasibility study

Neuroprosthetics for Auricular Muscles: Neural Networks and Clinical Aspects

Surgical Treatment of Prominent Ear: 5-Year Clinical Experience in 108 Patients

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