Abnormalities of the External Genitalia in Boys

Palmer, Jeffrey S.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6911-9.00131-6

Cited by 40 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 192 publications

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“…8 This conclusion has been quoted in many textbooks and medical literature even today, including the latest edition of Campbell' s Urology: "Preputial retractability increases with age with 90% of uncircumcised boys 3 years of age with completely retractable prepuce and less than 1% by 17 years of age." 9 The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, has only 1 code, 605, for phimosis and no differentiation of the normal physiologic condition in children versus the pathologic condition found in adults, or phimosis resulting from inflammation, iatrogenic causes, or disease. North Carolina Medicaid classifies phimosis in children under age 6 years as normal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Male Genital Abnormalities: A Population Study

Wan

Wang

2014

Pediatrics

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: There are misconceptions regarding childhood phimosis. Textbooks still teach that male children should have retractable foreskin by age 3. Young children are referred for evaluation for phimosis, which is a commonly used diagnosis for postneonatal circumcision. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:We found a high prevalence of physiologic phimosis in kindergarten children, up to 44% at age 6. We also reviewed the incidence of other congenital abnormalities in this coastal Chinese city. The management and complications of these conditions were analyzed. abstract BACKGROUND: We conducted genital health wellness screens in male kindergarten children between the ages of 3 and 6 years to assess the incidence of congenital abnormalities and their treatment. METHODS:We performed genital examinations on 2241 male children in 8 kindergartens. We screened for 4 conditions: phimosis, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and hydrocele/hernia. We assessed the incidence of these conditions and the effectiveness or lack of their treatment.RESULTS: Among this sample, 55.5% children aged 3 to 4 years and 44.1% aged 5 to 6 years were found to have persistent phimosis. The circumcision rate, excluding those performed in conjunction with hypospadias repair, was 2.8%, but it carried a 3.2% complication rate. There was a lower incidence of hypospadias and cryptorchidism than reported in the literature at 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively. Our hypospadias repair rate was 60%, with a success rate of 66.7%. Our cryptorchidism repair rate was only 25%, and all repairs were performed above the age of 5 years. Incidence of hydrocele and hernias was 1.2%, and our treatment rate was 46.2%. Finally, we found high incidence of keloid formation, 73.3%, associated with inguinal incision. CONCLUSIONS:There was high prevalence of phimosis in Chinese boys, a natural physiologic condition, up to age 6. There appeared to be lower incidences of hypospadias and cryptorchidism in our screened population. However, there were opportunities for us to improve the diagnosis and treatment of these 2 conditions. Our hydrocele/hernia incidence was on par with literature, but we had a lower treatment rate. Finally, we found a high incidence of keloid formation associated with inguinal incision. Pediatrics 2014;133:e624-e627 AUTHORS:

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Male Genital Abnormalities: A Population Study

Wan

Wang

2014

Pediatrics

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“…The ventral urethra is considered the more normal because it generally passes out of the bladder neck and sphincter [11,12]. The "Y" duplication is formed when the prostatic urethra splits into two channels with one extending to the glans and the more functional ventral one coursing to the perineum adjacent the rectum [2,10]. In our case, the dorsal orthotopic urethra was normal and the ventral duplicated urethra was stenotic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…There may be normally located urethra on the glans and a second along the ventral aspect of the penis and even throughout the perineum [10]. The calibration of the dorsal urethra may be of normal or narrow.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most urethral duplications found in the same sagittal plane and can be divided into either dorsal or ventral [10]. Some rare types of urethral duplication may occur in the same horizontal plane, and the urethra lies next to one another, one left and one right.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some rare types of urethral duplication may occur in the same horizontal plane, and the urethra lies next to one another, one left and one right. Additionally, the horizontal type may be associated with duplicated phallus or complete bladder duplication [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A rare case of congenital Y-type urethral duplication

Tiwari¹,

Bothra²,

Kumbhar³

et al. 2015

PUCR

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A universal mathematical model applied to the congenital ventral penile curvature

et al. 2020

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IntroductionThe macroscopic dynamic of fetal penis development presents a pattern resembling the unfolding of a spiral, so congenital ventral penile curvature could indicate that this natural sequence has been interrupted. Our aim in this article is to offer a mathematical model of congenital ventral curvature of the penis.Materials and MethodsFive individuals who presented with congenital ventral penile curvature and three who presented with acquired penile ventral curvature due to Peyronie's disease were evaluated. The penises were photographed during an induced erection test and the penile curvature patterns were compared with an equiangular spiral. When an association was found, a potential relationship to the golden spiral—a type of equiangular spiral—was also assessed.The mathematical spiral relationships were analyzed using Wolfram CDF Player® (Logarithmic Spiral) and PhiMatrix® software. The Wolfram software generated logarithmic spirals equivalent to the penile curvature with appropriate mathematical values. The PhiMatrix software, which builds any golden spirals from golden rectangles, was used to check whether the spiral was golden as well as equiangular.ResultsAn equiangular spiral that was also golden was found in all cases of congenital ventral penile curvature. In contrast, none of the acquired penile ventral curvature cases showed a specific pattern.ConclusionCongenital ventral penile curvature has the mathematical pattern of a golden spiral. Our results offer a mathematical algorithm for potential use in surgical reconstruction procedures, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, robotics, and body–machine interfaces.

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Abnormalities of the External Genitalia in Boys

Cited by 40 publications

References 192 publications

Epidemiology of Male Genital Abnormalities: A Population Study

Epidemiology of Male Genital Abnormalities: A Population Study

A rare case of congenital Y-type urethral duplication

A universal mathematical model applied to the congenital ventral penile curvature

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