Abnormalities in Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Schizophrenia Treated with Atypical Antipsychotic Medications

Elias, Alan N.; Hofflich, Heather

doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.08.036

Cited by 36 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…This "estrogen-deficiency hypothesis" is corroborated by a murine study that showed that ovarectarized mice were more susceptible to M. avium complex infections than sham-treated mice; replacement of estrogen in the ovarectarized mice reduced their vulnerability through enhancement of production of reactive nitrogen intermediates (70). Furthermore, a link can be made between leptin, estrogen, and increased susceptibility in slender individuals in that a deficiency of leptin may also lead to decreased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, the gonadotropins, and estrogen (71). In contrast, other in vitro studies do not support the ''estrogen-deficient hypothesis'' and susceptibility to NTM.…”

Section: Female Sex and Rgm Lung Diseasesupporting

confidence: 59%

Host Immune Response to Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria, an Emerging Cause of Chronic Lung Disease

Chan¹,

Bai²,

Kartalija³

et al. 2010

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol

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Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) are environmental organisms classified under the broader category of nontuberculous mycobacteria. The most common RGM to cause human diseases are Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Mycobacterium massiliense. Infections due to the RGM are an emerging health problem in the United States. Chronic pulmonary disease and skin/soft-tissue infections are the two most common disorders due to these organisms. Clinical outcomes in the treatment of M. abscessus infections are generally disappointing. Because less is known about the nature of the immune response to M. abscessus than for tuberculosis, we herein highlight the major clinical features associated with infections due to M. abscessus and other RGM, and review the known host immune response to RGM, drawing from experimental animal and clinical studies. Based on in vitro and in vivo murine models, Toll-like receptor 2, dectin-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IFN-γ, leptin, T cells, and possibly neutrophils are important components in the host defense against RGM infections. However, excessive induction of TNF-α by the R morphotype of M. abscessus may allow it to be more pathogenic than the S morphotype. Clinical observations and/or genetic studies in humans corroborate many of the findings in animals in that those with cell-mediated immunodeficiency, genetic defects in IFN-γ-IL-12 axis, and those individuals on TNF-α blockers are at increased risk for nontuberculous mycobacteria infections, including the RGM. However, much remains to be discovered on why seemingly healthy individuals, particularly slender postmenopausal women with thoracic cage anomalies, appear to be at increased risk.

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Section: Female Sex and Rgm Lung Diseasesupporting

confidence: 59%

Host Immune Response to Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria, an Emerging Cause of Chronic Lung Disease

Chan¹,

Bai²,

Kartalija³

et al. 2010

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol

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“…This hormone plays an important role in appetite regulation [13]. Obese patients are insensitive to the anorectic actions of leptin and continue to maintain high levels of body fat [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Study of the HTR2C, Leptin and Adiponectin Genes and Serum Marker Analyses in Clozapine Treated Long-Term Patients with Schizophrenia

et al. 2015

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Clozapine treatment is associated with weight gain and cardio-metabolic consequences among patients with schizophrenia. Polymorphisms of leptin, serotonin receptor HTR2C and adiponectin genes have been associated with antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic comorbidity. However, the results of the studies so far are inconclusive. The aim of the present study was first to test for a possible role of serum leptin and adiponectin levels as a marker of weight gain in association with inflammatory cytokines/adipokines (IL-6, IL-1Ra, hs-CRP and adipsin), and second to study associations between SNPs LEP rs7799039 (-2548 A/G), ADIPOQ rs1501299 and HTR2C rs1414334 and weight gain and levels of leptin and adiponectin, in 190 patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment, with retrospectively assessed weight change and cross-sectionally measured cytokine levels. A strong association was found between serum levels of leptin and weight gain and cytokines/adipokines related to metabolic comorbidity, especially among female patients (in women leptin vs. weight gain, IL-6 and IL-1Ra, P<0.001; in men leptin vs. weight gain, P=0.026, leptin vs. IL-1Ra, P<0.001). In male patients low adiponectin level was a more specific marker of clozapine-induced weight gain (P=0.037). The results of the present study do not support a major role of SNPs LEP rs7799039, ADIPOQ rs1501299 and HTR2C rs1414334 in the regulation of weight gain or association of serum levels of leptin and adiponectin and corresponding studied SNPs in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment.

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“…Antipsychotic drugs may ameliorate some of these alterations 36 or influence insulin secretion. 37,38 Given the neuroprotective and neuromodulatory potential roles of L-theanine and a significant role of these molecules in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, we hypothesized that circulating of these molecules may be involved in the beneficial clinical effects of L-theanine augmentation of ongoing antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder patients.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Cortisol to Sulfate of Dehydroepiandrosterone Molar Ratio Associated With Clinical Response to l-Theanine as Augmentation of Antipsychotic Therapy in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder Patients

Miodownik¹,

Maayan²,

Ratner³

et al. 2011

Clinical Neuropharmacology

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Abnormalities in Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Schizophrenia Treated with Atypical Antipsychotic Medications

Cited by 36 publications

References 87 publications

Host Immune Response to Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria, an Emerging Cause of Chronic Lung Disease

Host Immune Response to Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria, an Emerging Cause of Chronic Lung Disease

Association Study of the HTR2C, Leptin and Adiponectin Genes and Serum Marker Analyses in Clozapine Treated Long-Term Patients with Schizophrenia

Serum Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Cortisol to Sulfate of Dehydroepiandrosterone Molar Ratio Associated With Clinical Response to l-Theanine as Augmentation of Antipsychotic Therapy in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder Patients

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