Abdominal fat distribution in pre- and postmenopausal women: The impact of physical activity, age, and menopausal status

Kanaley, Jill A.; Sames, Carol; Swisher, L.; Swick, Andrew G.; Ploutz‐Snyder, Lori L.; Steppan, Claire M.; Sagendorf, Kenneth; Feiglin, David; Jaynes, E. B.; Meyer, R. A.; Weinstock, R.S.

doi:10.1053/meta.2001.24931

Cited by 133 publications

(118 citation statements)

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“…TAT was calculated by adding SAT and VAT (TAT ¼ SAT þ VAT); therefore, some small intramuscular deposits of adipose tissue were not accounted for. Similar to other published reports, 5,7,18,22,25,29,[33][34][35][36][37][40][41][42][43][44][45]47,[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] VAT and SAT were not further subdivided.…”

Section: Features Examinedsupporting

confidence: 78%

Quantitative comparison and evaluation of software packages for assessment of abdominal adipose tissue distribution by magnetic resonance imaging

et al. 2007

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Objective: To examine five available software packages for the assessment of abdominal adipose tissue with magnetic resonance imaging, compare their features and assess the reliability of measurement results. Design: Feature evaluation and test-retest reliability of softwares (NIHImage, SliceOmatic, Analyze, HippoFat and EasyVision) used in manual, semi-automated or automated segmentation of abdominal adipose tissue. Subjects: A random sample of 15 obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Measurements: Axial T1-weighted spin echo images centered at vertebral bodies of L2-L3 were acquired at 1.5 T. Five software packages were evaluated (NIHImage, SliceOmatic, Analyze, HippoFat and EasyVision), comparing manual, semi-automated and automated segmentation approaches. Images were segmented into cross-sectional area (CSA), and the areas of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Ease of learning and use and the design of the graphical user interface (GUI) were rated. Intra-observer accuracy and agreement between the software packages were calculated using intra-class correlation. Intra-class correlation coefficient was used to obtain test-retest reliability. Results: Three of the five evaluated programs offered a semi-automated technique to segment the images based on histogram values or a user-defined threshold. One software package allowed manual delineation only. One fully automated program demonstrated the drawbacks of uncritical automated processing. The semi-automated approaches reduced variability and measurement error, and improved reproducibility. There was no significant difference in the intra-observer agreement in SAT and CSA. The VAT measurements showed significantly lower test-retest reliability. There were some differences between the software packages in qualitative aspects, such as user friendliness. Conclusion: Four out of five packages provided essentially the same results with respect to the inter-and intra-rater reproducibility. Our results using SliceOmatic, Analyze or NIHImage were comparable and could be used interchangeably. Newly developed fully automated approaches should be compared to one of the examined software packages.

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Section: Features Examinedsupporting

confidence: 78%

Quantitative comparison and evaluation of software packages for assessment of abdominal adipose tissue distribution by magnetic resonance imaging

et al. 2007

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“…The percentage of adipose tissue is higher in women, the elderly and overweight individuals [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Clinical Implications Of Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The clinical importance of visceral adiposity: a critical review of methods for visceral adipose tissue analysis

Shuster¹,

Patlas²,

Pinthus³

et al. 2012

BJR

635

570

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ABSTRACT. As a result of the rising epidemic of obesity, understanding body fat distribution and its clinical implications is critical to timely treatment. Visceral adipose tissue is a hormonally active component of total body fat, which possesses unique biochemical characteristics that influence several normal and pathological processes in the human body. Abnormally high deposition of visceral adipose tissue is known as visceral obesity. This body composition phenotype is associated with medical disorders such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and several malignancies including prostate, breast and colorectal cancers. Quantitative assessment of visceral obesity is important for evaluating the potential risk of development of these pathologies, as well as providing an accurate prognosis. This review aims to compare different methods of measuring visceral adiposity with emphasis on their advantages and drawbacks in clinical practice.

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“…Postmenopausal women who take exogenous estrogens have significantly lower waist-to-hip ratio 6 and less visceral adipose tissue (VAT) 7 compared with estrogen non-users. Cross-sectional data also suggest that postmenopausal women have higher total and abdominal fat mass 8 and lower lean body mass 9 than premenopausal women, although it is difficult to fully control for effects of aging in cross-sectional studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition

et al. 2008

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Objective: This study assessed longitudinal changes in body composition, fat distribution and energy balance in perimenopausal women. We hypothesized that total fat and abdominal body fat would increase at menopause due to decreased energy expenditure (EE) and declining estrogen, respectively. Design: Observational, longitudinal study with annual measurements for 4 years. Subjects: Healthy women (103 Caucasian; 53 African-American), initially premenopausal. During follow-up, lack of menstruation for 1 year and follicle-stimulating hormone 430 mIU ml À1 defined a subject as postmenopausal. Measurements: Fat and lean mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous abdominal fat (SAT) (computed tomography), dietary intake (4-day food record), serum sex hormones and physical activity (tri-axial accelerometry). Twenty-four hour EE was measured by whole-room calorimeter in a subset of 34 women at baseline and at year 4. Results: Body fat and weight increased significantly over time only in those women who became postmenopausal by year 4 (n ¼ 51). All women gained SAT over time; however, only those who became postmenopausal had a significant increase in VAT. The postmenopausal group also exhibited a significant decrease in serum estradiol. Physical activity decreased significantly 2 years before menopause and remained low. Dietary energy, protein, carbohydrate and fiber intake were significantly higher 3-4 years before the onset of menopause compared with menopause onset. Twenty-four hour EE and sleeping EE decreased significantly with age; however, the decrease in sleeping EE was 1.5-fold greater in women who became postmenopausal compared with premenopausal controls (À7.9 vs À5.3%). Fat oxidation decreased by 32% in women who became postmenopausal (Po0.05), but did not change in those who remained premenopausal. Conclusion: Middle-aged women gained SAT with age, whereas menopause per se was associated with an increase in total body fat and VAT. Menopause onset is associated with decreased EE and fat oxidation that can predispose to obesity if lifestyle changes are not made.

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Abdominal fat distribution in pre- and postmenopausal women: The impact of physical activity, age, and menopausal status

Cited by 133 publications

References 0 publications

Quantitative comparison and evaluation of software packages for assessment of abdominal adipose tissue distribution by magnetic resonance imaging

Quantitative comparison and evaluation of software packages for assessment of abdominal adipose tissue distribution by magnetic resonance imaging

The clinical importance of visceral adiposity: a critical review of methods for visceral adipose tissue analysis

Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition

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