A wind-tunnel study on exhaust gas dispersion from road vehicles—Part I: Velocity and concentration fields behind single vehicles

Large Eddy Simulation of Vehicle Induced Turbulence in an Urban Street Canyon with a New Dynamically Vehicle-Tracking Scheme

“…Thus, the main effect of moving vehicles would be on air flow turbulence. This is the reason why some authors used the "vehicle induced turbulence" to represent the moving vehicles' effects on wind characteristics in an urban street canyon (Kastner-Klein et al, 2001;Di Sabatino et al, 2003;Katolicky and Jicha, 2005;Mazzeo and Venegas, 2005;Kanda et al, 2006;Kondo and Tomizuka, 2009). In our current simulations, thermal effects were not considered, thus the mechanical turbulence generated by synoptic wind and moving vehicles would be the main factors affecting the dispersion of pollutants within a street canyon (Solazzo, 2007).…”

An overview of experimental results and dispersion modelling of nanoparticles in the wake of moving vehicles

“…They are very useful for deriving parameterisations of the traffic flow for use in larger scale models, but cannot be used to characterise the single wake. The few studies specifically designed to study a single wake, and the near-wake in particular (Baker, 2001;Richards, 2002;Kanda et al, 2006a), have highlighted the differences in the plume behaviour depending on the shape of the model and the boundary conditions, so more experimental studies are needed to generalise their findings.…”

“…All the above mentioned studies suffered from the presence of a boundary layer developing close to the ground, which can interfere with a developing wake flow field and its measurement. Kanda et al (2006a) tried to prevent this problem by placing the model on an elevated table; nonetheless, a boundary layer grows on the table top and reaches about 3 cm thick at about 1 m from the upwind edge of the table, resulting in unrealistic velocity and turbulence fields (Kanda et al, 2006a). Baker and Hargreaves (2001) solved the problem by using a ballistic model within the wind tunnel.…”

Wind tunnel measurements for dispersion modelling of vehicle wakes

“…boundary layer, all models were placed near the edge of a raised false floor, which is a common 152 practice in wind tunnel measurements (see, for example, Kanda et al, 2006a, 2006b, and Chang et 153 al., 2009a, 2009b. In fact, we are simulating a vehicle moving in still air, where turbulence levels 154 must be as small as possible.…”