A Wildfire Model for the Estimation of the Temperature Rise of an Overhead Line Conductor

Vulnerability assessment of the power grid against progressing wildfires

“…In general, it is very difficult to calculate convective heat transfer. Here, we use the model proposed in [21] to calculate convective heat transfer flux at the height of h M above the fire, according to (10). It should be noted that this model assumes the fire is underneath the object (i.e.…”

Optimal resilient power grid operation during the course of a progressing wildfire

“…However, in some cases, heat transfer through convection is also possible. In our model, the convective heat transfer due to wildfire has been ignored, since it has been shown that this component exists only when the fire reaches the tower and is directly under the overhead line [17]. During this time, it is very likely that the line has been taken out of service by the utility operators as a precautionary measure to avoid the risk of flashover.…”

“…The rate of spread of the fire front depends on the wind speed as well as the fuel bulk density [17]:…”

“…The notation ðb; ÁÞ 2 Q with b 2 B means that we sum over all branches going out of bus b, while in case of ðÁ; bÞ we sum over all branches coming into bus b. For each bus b, (17) and (18) balance incoming flow into b plus generation at b with outgoing flow out of b plus load at b plus DR load reductions at b. Active power load shedding implies that the demand response is not available at the node, either.…”

Wildfire Risk Mitigation: A Paradigm Shift in Power Systems Planning and Operation

“…Policy and research literature has identified wildfires as a major natural disaster threat to the power system, and has also identified important challenges in mitigating the impacts caused by wildfires approaching power systems. The authors in [15] model the temperature increase of overhead conductors as a result of an approaching wildfire by use of heat transfer equations. The impacts of approaching wildfires on power systems operation have been formulated as an optimization problem for transmission systems and distribution systems in [16] and [17], respectively.…”