Vulnerability assessment of the power grid against progressing wildfires

Knowledge of children and youth about forest fires: Discrepancies between basic perception and reality

“…Additionally, uncontrolled fires have been found to be on the rise in the last century all over the world (IPCC, 2007). Apart from material damage manifested in the destruction of timber and funds spent for reforestation, they also, of course, destroy lives and habitat in fire-affected areas (Choobineh, Ansari, & Mohagheghi, 2015).Therefore, this topic is of interest to the scientific community and it is not limited to ecological and economic threats posed by these hazards, but it also focuses on environmental concerns including wildfire threats.…”

Optimal energy management of a distribution network during the course of a heat wave

“…Components from various manufacturers may show slight differences in numeric values but the patterns of behavior generally remain the same. The discrete data for the overhead line, the generator and the battery have been taken from [10,13,19], respectively. Curve fitting has been carried out using the curve fitting toolbox in MATLAB.…”

“…• The health issues and consequent increase in heat-induced illnesses and mortality [1,[4][5][6], • Significant growth of power consumption especially for cooling purposes and possible failure to meet the energy needs due to fuel shortage [5,7], • Increased greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy consumed [5], • Failure in operation and availability of critical infrastructures such as water sanitation systems [5] and transportation systems [8], • Dependency of steam power plants on cooling water which becomes physically scarce during hot periods [9], • Increased possibility of wildfire occurrence and consequent damages to the electrical and energy infrastructure [10].…”

Optimal resilient power grid operation during the course of a progressing wildfire

“…To counteract this, the rating of the line needs to be dynamically adjusted so as to not exceed the maximum permissible temperature T c;max . This has been modeled in this paper as [16]:…”

“…It can be assumed that the node voltages are regulated using voltage regulating transformers along the feeders and the on-load tap changer at the substation transformer. The active and reactive generation by the substation is distributed among the connected branches, (15) and (16). The notation ðb; ÁÞ 2 Q with b 2 B means that we sum over all branches going out of bus b, while in case of ðÁ; bÞ we sum over all branches coming into bus b.…”