A Virus obtained from influenza patients

Smith, Wilson; Andrewes, C. H.; Laidlaw, P. P.; Timbury, Morag C.

doi:10.1002/rmv.1980050402

Cited by 164 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…10 Influenza A virus was first isolated in ferrets by Wilson-Smith in 1933. 11 Material from this isolate was then passaged in mouse brain whereby two neuro-adapted strains were obtained, the NWS/33 and the WSN/33 viral strains. 12,13 After intracerebral injection of the WSN/ 33 strain in mice, a lethal infection ensues with localization of viral antigen in the substantia nigra and hippocampus.…”

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confidence: 99%

Influenza A virus infection causes alterations in expression of synaptic regulatory genes combined with changes in cognitive and emotional behaviors in mice

et al. 2004

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Epidemiological studies have indicated a link between certain neuropsychiatric diseases and exposure to viral infections. In order to examine long-term effects on behavior and gene expression in the brain of one candidate virus, we have used a model involving olfactory bulb injection of the neuro-adapted influenza A virus strain, WSN/33, in C57Bl/6 mice. Following this olfactory route of invasion, the virus targets neurons in the medial habenular, midline thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei as well as monoaminergic neurons in the brainstem. The mice survive and the viral infection is cleared from the brain within 12 days. When tested 14-20 weeks after infection, the mice displayed decreased anxiety in the elevated plus-maze and impaired spatial learning in the Morris water maze test. Elevated transcriptional activity of two genes encoding synaptic regulatory proteins, regulator of G-protein signaling 4 and calcium/calmodulindependent protein kinase IIa, was found in the amygdala, hypothalamus and cerebellum. It is of particular interest that the gene encoding RGS4, which has been related to schizophrenia, showed the most pronounced alteration. This study indicates that a transient influenza virus infection can cause persistent changes in emotional and cognitive functions as well as alterations in the expression of genes involved in the regulation of synaptic activities.

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confidence: 99%

Influenza A virus infection causes alterations in expression of synaptic regulatory genes combined with changes in cognitive and emotional behaviors in mice

et al. 2004

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“…With the first isolation of a virus from humans in 1933 [20] .There was a reassortment event leading to the development …”

Section: Asian Flu (1957)mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on “Swine Flu” Influenza H1n1 Virus

Shukla¹

2017

WJPR

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This review discuss about viral infection commonly referred to as "swine flu" which has been reported to spread from one person to another by direct or indirect physical contact. In the past, transmission was limited but now days; transmission of this virus is rapid as it is spreading through air. Influenza A virus has been circulating worldwide resulting serious illness and deaths globally. This cross species infections (from swine flu virus to man and human flu virus to pigs) have found in local areas and did not cause severe infections in either pigs or humans. However, this cross-species found to have the potential to change.Investigators named it as "swine flu" strain. It was first time seen in Mexico, and termed novel H1N1 flu since it was mainly found infecting people and exhibits two main surface antigens, H1 (hemagglutinin type 1) and N1 (neuraminidase type1). In India, swine flu virus that speeded since mid of December, 2014 shows amino acid mutations. More than 33,761 people are infected by H1N1 virus in India and around 2,035 of infected people died in March, 2015 reportedly. This review includes symptom, history, transmission, preventions and treatment, current status in India.

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“…1), 16,17 and vaccines were developed by 1943 as monovalent, inactivated, whole virus influenza A preparations by the US military. Commercial licensure for a bivalent vaccine, containing both influenza A and influenza B virus antigens, followed in 1945, with a trivalent formulation that incorporated two type A H1N1 antigens being introduced in 1947.…”

Section: Prevention Of Influenza Virus Infection and Its Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%