A virtual speller system using SSVEP and electrooculogram

Saravanakumar, D.; Reddy, M. Ramasubba

doi:10.1016/j.aei.2020.101059

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Unlike the ET, the EOG does not detect the user’s gaze but their specific eye movements, such as blinking. Saravanakumar et al proposed a one-stage hybrid speller [ 102 ] and a two-stage hybrid speller [ 103 ] based on the EOG and the SSVEP. In both studies, the EOG was used to select regions or groups while the SSVEP was used to identify targets.…”

Section: Ssvep-based Hybrid Bci Spellersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In subsequent research, visual feedback was added to the SSVEP-EOG speller, and its performance improved. Reference [ 103 ] used nine eye movements that can be recorded by EOG to select the target group as shown in Figure 11 , which means that it is feasible to implement a more complex input by adding more frequency codes to the SSVEP-EOG speller.…”

Section: Ssvep-based Hybrid Bci Spellersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many SSVEP-based hybrid spellers have been proposed, and have delivered better performance than any single triggering method-based speller. Section 4 has provided several triggering methods that have been combined with the SSVEP to form a hybrid speller, including the visual ERP P300 [ 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 ], ET [ 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 ], EOG [ 102 , 103 ], and EMG [ 104 , 105 ].…”

Section: Trends Challenges Prospective Directions and Suggestionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…( b ) The arrangement of frequencies of the secondary stage. Reprinted from [ 69 , 103 ], with permission from Elsevier.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Brain–Computer Interface Speller Based on Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential: A Review Focusing on the Stimulus Paradigm and Performance

et al. 2021

Brain Sciences

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The steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP), measured by the electroencephalograph (EEG), has high rates of information transfer and signal-to-noise ratio, and has been used to construct brain–computer interface (BCI) spellers. In BCI spellers, the targets of alphanumeric characters are assigned different visual stimuli and the fixation of each target generates a unique SSVEP. Matching the SSVEP to the stimulus allows users to select target letters and numbers. Many BCI spellers that harness the SSVEP have been proposed over the past two decades. Various paradigms of visual stimuli, including the procedure of target selection, layout of targets, stimulus encoding, and the combination with other triggering methods are used and considered to influence on the BCI speller performance significantly. This paper reviews these stimulus paradigms and analyzes factors influencing their performance. The fundamentals of BCI spellers are first briefly described. SSVEP-based BCI spellers, where only the SSVEP is used, are classified by stimulus paradigms and described in chronological order. Furthermore, hybrid spellers that involve the use of the SSVEP are presented in parallel. Factors influencing the performance and visual fatigue of BCI spellers are provided. Finally, prevailing challenges and prospective research directions are discussed to promote the development of BCI spellers.

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Section: Ssvep-based Hybrid Bci Spellersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ssvep-based Hybrid Bci Spellersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Trends Challenges Prospective Directions and Suggestionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…( b ) The arrangement of frequencies of the secondary stage. Reprinted from [ 69 , 103 ], with permission from Elsevier.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Brain–Computer Interface Speller Based on Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential: A Review Focusing on the Stimulus Paradigm and Performance

et al. 2021

Brain Sciences

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“…In sequential HBCI, the modalities act as time-sharing. In other words, the first modality selects the target among several options and the second one performs the process on the selected target [8], [9]. The sequential combination has a significant effect on reducing errors by dividing a complex task into several stages [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus Paradigm for an Asynchronous Concurrent SSVEP and EOG Based BCI Speller System

Duraisamy¹,

2021

IEEE Access

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The brain computer interface (BCI) speller system can be classified into synchronous and asynchronous type. In synchronous type, one of the target characters is selected with specific interval periodically even if the user is making or not making attention on the target, whereas, in asynchronous case, the target character will not be selected until a confirmation signal is received from the user. In this proposed study a novel oddball stimulus paradigm is introduced on the hybrid steady state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) and electrooculogram (EOG) speller system to achieve an asynchronous control and high performance. The proposed system consists of forty characters grouped and indexed into five flickering unique frequency visual stimuli. Each visual stimulus is assigned with eight unique characters. The characters in each group are randomly highlighted by the oddball paradigm and the user performs blink eye movement in synchrony with the desired target character highlight. An asynchronous control is achieved by EOG signal and oddball paradigm because the target character will not be selected until the user performs blink eye movement. The stimulus paradigm helps the user to select the target group and desired target character, concurrently by SSVEP and EOG signal which increases the performance of the system. The proposed asynchronous speller system is tested and validated on ten subjects. The online classification accuracy and information transfer rate (ITR) of the proposed hybrid speller system are 99.38% and 116.58 bits/min respectively. Performance metrics of the proposed system are compared with the conventional speller systems and is found to be much superior to existing systems.

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The role of eye movement signals in non-invasive brain-computer interface typing system

Liu,

Hu,

et al. 2024

Med Biol Eng Comput

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A virtual speller system using SSVEP and electrooculogram

Cited by 9 publications

References 16 publications

Brain–Computer Interface Speller Based on Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential: A Review Focusing on the Stimulus Paradigm and Performance

Brain–Computer Interface Speller Based on Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential: A Review Focusing on the Stimulus Paradigm and Performance

Stimulus Paradigm for an Asynchronous Concurrent SSVEP and EOG Based BCI Speller System

The role of eye movement signals in non-invasive brain-computer interface typing system

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