A View of Genetics

Lederberg, Joshua

doi:10.1126/science.131.3396.269

Cited by 43 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…All bacterial strains used for preparation of extracts were derived from the Su-prototrophic Escherichia coli K12 strain W3101 (17). A series of heat-inducible lysogens were prepared by infection of W3101 with each of the following strains of phage: X cIts857 Sam7, X Aamll c1ts857 Sam7, X Aam32 cIts857 Sam7, X BamlO c1ts857 Sam7, X Bam427 cdts857 Sam7, X Cam42 cIts857 Sam7, X Daml5 c1ts857 Sam7, and X Eam4 c1ts857 Sam7.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Assembly of Bacteriophage Lambda Heads

Kaiser¹,

Masuda²

1973

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The assembly of plaque-forming particles in cell-free extracts of induced lambda lysogens was observed two ways. (i) DNA isolated from a X-related phage, 434 for example, is added to an extract of an induced X lysogen, and plaque-formers with the genotype of the added DNA are detected. (ii) One extract from an induced X lysogen that carries an amber mutation in one of the head genes (A, B, C, D, or E) is mixed with one carrying an amber mutation in a different head gene; an increase in the number of X plaque-formers is found over that in either extract alone. These plaque-forming particles have the properties of normal phage particles. They are resistant to DNase, although DNase added to an extract before addition of DNA prevents their appearance; they have a sensitivity to neutralizing antibody and a specificity of adsorption to bacteria characteristic of the source of the extract, but they have the genotype of the added DNA; and they have about the same bouyant density as phage particles.Mutants in genes B, C, or D can donate DNA to the phage formed by complementation between extracts of different mutants, but mutants in genes A or E cannot. Complementation occurs between a pair of extracts only if one (or both) is a DNA donor. This observation suggests a tentative pathway for head assembly: that the products of genes A and E act before those of B, C, and D.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Assembly of Bacteriophage Lambda Heads

Kaiser¹,

Masuda²

1973

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The process of less successful Banks copying the business strategies of the more successful is inspired by the bacterial conjugation process [19], where the Target Shareholder Returns and Bonus Ratio parameters are copied from the most profitable Bank and replicated into the less successful one if those are higher. The model assumes a uniform probability of infection of the business strategy for all bank agents at 1% per year.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is applied in the model using a stochastic process in which every Investor earning returns below the benchmark has a probability of increasing in RexðtÞ toward the benchmark. Performances above benchmark do not result in changes to in RexðtÞ given that, as described above, it is assumed that Investors evaluate risk and returns on the basis of the typical standard deviation of downside risk.The parameters a and b are set at 0.02891 and 20.2168, regulating the speed of movement toward benchmark.The process of less successful Banks copying the business strategies of the more successful is inspired by the bacterial conjugation process [19], where the Target Shareholder Returns and Bonus Ratio parameters are copied from the most profitable Bank and replicated into the less successful one if those are higher. The model assumes a uniform probability of infection of the business strategy for all bank agents at 1% per year.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ecosystems perspective on financial networks: Diagnostic tools

et al. 2013

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The world economy consists of highly interconnected and interdependent commercial and financial networks. Here, we develop temporal and structural network tools to analyze the state of the economy and the financial markets. Our analysis indicates that a strong clustering can be a warning sign. Reduction in diversity, which was an essential aspect of the dynamics surrounding the financial markets crisis of 2008, is seen as a key emergent feature arising naturally from the evolutionary and adaptive dynamics inherent to the financial markets. Similarly, collusion amongst construction firms in a number of regions in Japan in the 2000s can be identified with the formation of clusters of anomalous highly connected companies. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 19: 22-36, 2013 Key Words: economics; evolutionary dynamics; network theory; quantitative finance. ANALYSIS 1.Dynamics of Financial MarketsI n order to investigate the dynamics of financial markets we have developed a simple multi agent network model for a basic financial system, comprising of three fundamental types of agents: Banks, Investors and Borrowers (see section 2 for details). Our approach to modeling this system is inspired by the modeling of societies and ecosystems, in which a key role is played by the This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.virtual intra and interdependence of species [1][2][3][4]. This translates in our model into a focus on: (i) the dynamics of infection of business strategies within the banking sector and of culture dissemination within the investment and fund management community, and (ii) the topological aspects of the network of interactions. In order to focus more clearly on the influence of the collective action of agents, and their interaction amongst FIGURE 1Crisis Mapping from Evolutionary Dynamics: Plot A shows the frequency of crisis and the relative number of times that each type of crisis scenario occurs. The front floor (dark blue) indicates the distributions when evolutionary dynamics are present, with realizations resulting in 1 or 2 crises being by far the most common. The back floor (green) showing the results without dynamics is entirely distributed into the first block (no crisis), indicating that evolutionary dynamics are an essential feature in order to see crises occur. Plot B illustrates the time line of crises as predicted by the model including the evolutionary dynamics for 1 crisis (light purple) and 2 crises (light yellow) simulations. Time is shown vertically, increasing downwards, while the horizontal axis denotes different realizations of the model. A crisis is defined when >2% of the Bank agents fail or require financial assistance over a year, which corresponds to the historical average registered in the first and second US banking crisis over the simulation period. 4 The fir...

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“…We refer to this behaviour as the infection of the business strategy which happens with a fixed probability for every bank at any given time step and is inspired by the process of bacterial conjugation [13]. These two modifications are sufficient to support statements by Lo [14] and Shiller [15].…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 89%

Model analysis of the link between interest rates and crashes

Broga

Viegas

2016

Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications

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We analyse the effect of distinct levels of interest rates on the stability of the financial network under our modelling framework. We demonstrate that banking failures are likely to emerge early on under sustained high interest rates, and at much later stage -with higher probability -under a sustained low interest rate scenario. Moreover, we demonstrate that those bank failures are of a different nature: high interest rates tend to result in significantly more bankruptcies associated to credit losses whereas lack of liquidity tends to be the primary cause of failures under lower rates.

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A View of Genetics

Cited by 43 publications

References 56 publications

In Vitro Assembly of Bacteriophage Lambda Heads

In Vitro Assembly of Bacteriophage Lambda Heads

Ecosystems perspective on financial networks: Diagnostic tools

Model analysis of the link between interest rates and crashes

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