A Validated Grading Scale for Crow's Feet

Carruthers, Alastair; Carruthers, Jean; Hardas, Bhushan; Kaur, Mandeep; Goertelmeyer, Roman; Jones, Derek; Rzany, Berthold; Cohen, Joel L.; Kerscher, Martina; Flynn, Timothy C.; Maas, Corey S.; Sattler, Gerhard; Gebauer, Alexander; Pooth, Rainer; MCCLURE, KATHLEEN; Simone-Korbel, Ulli; Buchner, Larry

doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34367.x

Cited by 74 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Meanwhile, the uniform distribution has an unambiguous definition with equal percentages of subjects across grades, making it straightforward to compare results across scales and across studies. For some scale reliability studies, this consideration can be addressed by preselecting subject images to ensure uniform distributions across scale grades5, 7, 8, 12, 16; this structure ensures that each grade in the scale is well represented, and the full range of the scale is utilized, explored, and evaluated, as desired in instrument design and testing 37. However, this structure may not be feasible for studies addressing multiple scales with different distributions.…”

Section: Impact Of Distribution Sample Size and Disagreements On Iccmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scales that are a combination of phrases and photographs are known as photonumeric scales. In aesthetic studies, some examples of scales are measures for the degree of wrinkling,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 lip fullness,9, 10, 11, 12 sagging,13 photodamage,14 and dyspigmentation,15 and they have been developed and evaluated using reliability indexes. In many aesthetic scale reliability studies, ICC is used to determine consistency, where a higher ICC signifies better consistency 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) as a reliability index under various distributions in scale reliability studies

Mehta

Bastero-Caballero

Sun

et al. 2018

Statistics in Medicine

Self Cite

109

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Many published scale validation studies determine inter‐rater reliability using the intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC). However, the use of this statistic must consider its advantages, limitations, and applicability. This paper evaluates how interaction of subject distribution, sample size, and levels of rater disagreement affects ICC and provides an approach for obtaining relevant ICC estimates under suboptimal conditions. Simulation results suggest that for a fixed number of subjects, ICC from the convex distribution is smaller than ICC for the uniform distribution, which in turn is smaller than ICC for the concave distribution. The variance component estimates also show that the dissimilarity of ICC among distributions is attributed to the study design (ie, distribution of subjects) component of subject variability and not the scale quality component of rater error variability. The dependency of ICC on the distribution of subjects makes it difficult to compare results across reliability studies. Hence, it is proposed that reliability studies should be designed using a uniform distribution of subjects because of the standardization it provides for representing objective disagreement. In the absence of uniform distribution, a sampling method is proposed to reduce the non‐uniformity. In addition, as expected, high levels of disagreement result in low ICC, and when the type of distribution is fixed, any increase in the number of subjects beyond a moderately large specification such as n = 80 does not have a major impact on ICC.

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Section: Impact Of Distribution Sample Size and Disagreements On Iccmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) as a reliability index under various distributions in scale reliability studies

Mehta

Bastero-Caballero

Sun

et al. 2018

Statistics in Medicine

Self Cite

109

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“…Five types of marionette lines were investigated and classified as follows: Type Zero for absence of skin folds and visible solid lines; Type 1, type 2, type 3 and type 4, as the severity of the folds increased 22 , as shown in Figure 3. Five types of wrinkles were established in the analysis of the orbicularis lines, both at rest and smiling, ranging from Zero to 4, gradually 23 , according to their severity ( Figure 4). Symmetry: We compared the images of the individuals in our study to those found in the reference literature [21][22][23] .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five types of wrinkles were established in the analysis of the orbicularis lines, both at rest and smiling, ranging from Zero to 4, gradually 23 , according to their severity ( Figure 4). Symmetry: We compared the images of the individuals in our study to those found in the reference literature [21][22][23] . The score zero was always standardized as the best condition for each of the evaluated aspects.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The above-mentioned protocol used Glogau's wrinkle classification 21 and the validated scales for classifying marionette lines 22 and grooves in the orbicularis 23 . Duly authorized by Richard Glogau and Merz Pharmaceuticals -the copyright holders of the Validation Scales for Marionette Lines and Crow's feet described by Carruthers et al (2008aCarruthers et al ( , 2008b 22, 23 -a protocol was developed for the analysis of facial aesthetics regarding skin aspects, by analyzing skin wrinkles and grooves in these regions and also in other areas susceptible to groove formation during facial expressions and orofacial functions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Avaliação estética da face em indivíduos com deformidades dentofaciais

Sovinski¹,

Genaro²,

Migliorucci³

et al. 2016

Rev. CEFAC

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Purpose: to analyze the face aesthetic features of individuals with dentofacial deformities (DDF) and the possible aspects related to skin features such as wrinkles and grooves. Methods: we evaluated 36 young adults (average 27.22 years), in three groups, DDF standard II, III and control group (CG). Facial analysis was performed using the Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation -MBGR Protocol. We developed a facial aesthetic evaluation protocol from validated analyzes for wrinkle classification, marionette lines and grooves in the orbicularis eye area. The relevant statistical tests were performed. Results: individuals with DDF and 50% of the control group showed changes regarding facial asymmetry and nasolabial angle, with a statistically significant difference between DDF-II, III and DDF-GC. Individuals with DDF presented a greater frequency of changes to the vertical grooves in the lips area as well as marionette lines, with no differences between groups. There was a positive correlation between procerus grooves and vertical lip grooves, grooves in the orbicularis eye region with nasolabial folds and marionette lines. The nasolabial angle was correlated with forehead grooves. Age correlated with nasolabial folds, grooves in the procerus area, marionette lines and lip grooves in the orbicular area. Conclusion: individuals with DDF presented alterations in their facial symmetry, nasolabial angle and skin regarding wrinkles. Facial aesthetic aspects correlated with each other as well as the nasolabial angle with forehead grooves. Age also showed a correlation with facial aesthetics. Keywords: Aesthetics; Face; Maxillofacial Abnormalities RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as características estéticas da face em indivíduos com deformidades dentofaciais (DDF) e os possíveis aspectos que se relacionam com aspectos da pele quanto às rugas e sulcos. Métodos: avaliou-se 36 adultos jovens (média de 27,22 anos), em três grupos, DDF padrão II, III e grupo controle (GC). Realizou-se análise facial utilizando o Protocolo de Avaliação Miofuncional Orofacial MBGR. Elaborou-se um protocolo de avaliação estético facial a partir das análises validadas para a classificação de rugas, linhas de marionete e sulcos na região orbicular dos olhos. Aplicaram-se testes estatísticos pertinentes.Resultados: indivíduos com DDF e 50% do GC apresentaram alteração quanto à assimetria facial e ângulo nasolabial, com diferença estatisticamente significante entre DDF-II, DDF-III e GC. Indivíduos com DDF mostraram maior frequência de alteração para os sulcos verticais na região dos lábios e linhas de marionete, sem diferenças entre os grupos. Houve correlação positiva entre sulco na região do prócero e os sulcos verticais nos lábios, sulco na região do orbicular dos olhos com o sulco nasogeniano e com as linhas de marionete. O ângulo nasolabial correlacionou-se com sulco na região da testa. A idade correlacionou-se com sulco nasogeniano, sulco na região do prócero, linhas de marionete e sulcos na região do orbicular dos lábios. Conclusão: indivíduos co...

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Split-Face Double-blind Study Comparing the Onset of Action of OnabotulinumtoxinA and AbobotulinumtoxinA

Nettar²,

Bapna³

et al. 2012

Arch Facial Plast Surg

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A Validated Grading Scale for Crow's Feet

Abstract: The 5-point photonumeric scale generated spans the severity of the type of crow's feet for which patients most commonly seek correction. The scale is well stratified for consistent rating.

Cited by 74 publications

References 15 publications

Performance of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) as a reliability index under various distributions in scale reliability studies

Performance of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) as a reliability index under various distributions in scale reliability studies

Avaliação estética da face em indivíduos com deformidades dentofaciais

Split-Face Double-blind Study Comparing the Onset of Action of OnabotulinumtoxinA and AbobotulinumtoxinA

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