A universe with a constant expansion rate

Abstract

One of the strongest supports for the existence of a cosmological vacuum energy density Λ is given by the SN-Ia luminosities as function of the redshift z of the host galaxies, since they seem to indicate an accelerated expansion of the universe in more recent cosmic times. In this paper, we show that one in fact, however, can start out from the astronomical observations of two-point correlation functions regulating the positions of galaxies and clusters of galaxies and derive from them the average cosmic mass density in the universe. We obtained that for the scale-invariant mass distribution derived from these correlation functions we only obtain a finite mass density for a positive curvature parameter 1, k = + while for curvature parameters 0 k = and 1 k = − one obtains vanishing cosmic mass densities. In these latter universes one consequently would find conditions for a "coasting cosmology" fulfilled which abolishes the need for a cosmic vacuum energy .

Passage of Cosmic Photons Over Stellar Limbs

“…In this article we have made use of the standpoint justified by [1,2,3,4] that not only electromagnetic radiation sources, but as well gravitational sources in space from moving objects, like massive particles or photons, should appear at aberrated, dislocated positions. This aberration should evidently occur -like in the analogous electromagnetic case (see: stellar aberration, James Bradley), 1725), as long as gravitational fields are communicated to space by gravitons analogous to electromagnetic radiation fields by electromagnetic photons, and as long as both field quanta propagate with the same velocity c=c g =c e .…”

“…The question, however, could be asked now whether this is different when the relativistic aberration of the position of the stellar gravity center recognized by the photon at his passage has to be taken into account as discussed in earlier papers by [1,2,3,4]. Because then the photon on its trajectory along the x-axis permanently may recognize a component of the gravitational field acting in the direction opposite to the motion of the photon and thus changing the energy of the propagating photon.…”

“…This stein's view [6] the photon only is deflected from its original direction by an M/R s c 2 , but conserves its frequency  or its energy h when again moving nces from the star (i.e. no final frequency change remains from the stellar on, however, could be asked now whether this is different when the erration of the position of the stellar gravity center recognized by the photon e has to be taken into account as discussed in earlier papers by [1,2,3,4]. n the photon on its trajectory along the x-axis permanently may recognize a f the gravitational field acting in the direction opposite to the motion of the hus changing the energy of the propagating photon.…”

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In several preceding papers [1,2,3,4] we have discussed particle and photon propagations through cosmic gravity fields under the new aspect that gravitational field sources are seen by moving masses or photons under relativistically aberrated positions. This causes astonishing effects like the reduction of peculiar motions of stars or a permanent increase of redshifts of photons at their propagations through cosmic space with uniform matter distribution.

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Einstein’s Misunderstanding of Time in the Time-Invariant Universe

“…The idea of time-invariant structure of the universe was recently presented also by Hans J. Farr and Michael Hey: "One more cosmological possibility might perhaps need to be considered here, namely that the hierarchical structuring of masses in the universe which was considered in the above calculation could perhaps also be a time-invariant cosmic structuring, meaning that even though the universe undergoes an expansion in cosmic time, its hierarchical structuring endures or persists. Of course, an expanding hierarchical universe must also change its mass density, however in such a way that the hierarchical structuring of matter persists, i.e., a time-invariant scale-invariance under these auspices must be considered" (Fahr & Heyl, 2020). The right understanding of time as the duration of change, i.e., motion in time-invariant space is in our view one of the most important elements of 21st-century physics progress.…”