A unifying theory for general multigenic heterosis: energy efficiency, protein metabolism, and implications for molecular breeding

Goff, Stephen A.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03574.x

Cited by 128 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 194 publications

(176 reference statements)

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“…However, the understanding of the underpinning biological mechanism is still fragmentary after a century of debate and quest. Although there have been a range of studies on various aspects of heterosis (2)(3)(4)(5), the key to understanding the biological mechanisms of heterotic performance in crop hybrids is the genetic basis (6), much of which is still uncharacterized (7).…”

Section: Epistasis | Recombinant Inbred Intercrossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic composition of yield heterosis in an elite rice hybrid

Zhou

Chen

Yao

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

214

213

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Heterosis refers to the superior performance of hybrids relative to the parents. Utilization of heterosis has contributed tremendously to the increased productivity in many crops for decades. Although there have been a range of studies on various aspects of heterosis, the key to understanding the biological mechanisms of heterotic performance in crop hybrids is the genetic basis, much of which is still uncharacterized. In this study, we dissected the genetic composition of yield and yield component traits using data of replicated field trials of an "immortalized F 2 " population derived from an elite rice hybrid. On the basis of an ultrahigh-density SNP bin map constructed with population sequencing, we calculated single-locus and epistatic genetic effects in the whole genome and identified components pertaining to heterosis of the hybrid. The results showed that the relative contributions of the genetic components varied with traits. Overdominance/pseudo-overdominance is the most important contributor to heterosis of yield, number of grains per panicle, and grain weight. Dominance × dominance interaction is important for heterosis of tillers per plant and grain weight and has roles in yield and grain number. Single-locus dominance has relatively small contributions in all of the traits. The results suggest that cumulative effects of these components may adequately explain the genetic basis of heterosis in the hybrid. epistasis | recombinant inbred intercross H eterosis, or hybrid vigor, refers to the superior performance of the hybrids relative to the parents (1). Utilization of heterosis has tremendously increased productivity of many crops globally. However, the understanding of the underpinning biological mechanism is still fragmentary after a century of debate and quest. Although there have been a range of studies on various aspects of heterosis (2-5), the key to understanding the biological mechanisms of heterotic performance in crop hybrids is the genetic basis (6), much of which is still uncharacterized (7).Three classic genetic hypotheses-dominance (8-11), overdominance (12-15), and epistasis (16, 17)-were proposed as explanations for the genetic basis of heterosis. Although there have been a large number of genetic analyses in plants with results favoring one hypothesis or another (18-31), genetic composition pertaining to heterotic performance of crop hybrids has not been fully characterized in an experimental population. There has been no assessment about the relative contributions of these genetic components to heterosis in a crop hybrid.The following conditions should be met for complete genetic characterization of heterosis relevant to crop production: (i) the genetic materials are based on elite hybrids that have shown timehonored superiority in crop production; (ii) the targets are key traits of agronomic performance; (iii) the experimental population allows identification of all of the genetic components concerned, including dominance (d/a ≤1, where d is the dominant effect and a is the additiv...

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Section: Epistasis | Recombinant Inbred Intercrossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic composition of yield heterosis in an elite rice hybrid

Zhou

Chen

Yao

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

214

213

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“…Goff [104] proposed a model accounting from multigenic heterosis based on gains in energy efficiency due to protein processing in hybrids relative to inbreds. The model proposes that allelic choice available in hybrids but not inbreds provides hybrids the opportunity to detect and express preferentially the favorable allele.…”

Section: Genomewide Models To Explain Heterosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterosis: Many Genes, Many Mechanisms—End the Search for an Undiscovered Unifying Theory

Kaeppler

2012

ISRN Botany

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Heterosis is the increase in vigor that is observed in progenies of matings of diverse individuals from different species, isolated populations, or selected strains within species or populations. Heterosis has been of immense economic value in agriculture and has important implications regarding the fitness and fecundity of individuals in natural populations. Genetic models based on complementation of deleterious alleles, especially in the context of linkage and epistasis, are consistent with many observed manifestations of heterosis. The search for the genes and alleles that underlie heterosis, as well as for broader allele-independent, genomewide mechanisms, has encompassed many species and systems. Common themes across these studies indicate that sequence diversity is necessary but not sufficient to produce heterotic phenotypes, and that the molecular pathways that produce heterosis involve chromatin modification, transcriptional control, translation and protein processing, and interactions between and within developmental and biochemical pathways. Taken together, there are many and diverse molecular mechanisms that translate DNA into phenotype, and it is the combination of all these mechanisms across many genes that produce heterosis in complex traits.

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“…Furthermore, several research approaches, such as functional genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics, have been applied to investigate the basis of heterosis. Such studies have tested the hypothesis that due to the genetic differences among the parental genomes, cumulative positive effects of differential gene expression in the hybrid improve the function of metabolic pathways, energy production and energetic efficiency of cellular processes in ways that lead to heterosis (Hedgecock et al, 2007;Goff, 2011;Baranwal et al, 2012;Schnable and Springer, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extensive heterosis in growth of yeast hybrids is explained by a combination of genetic models

et al. 2014

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Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, is the superior performance of a heterozygous hybrid relative to its homozygous parents. Despite the scientific curiosity of this phenotypic phenomenon and its significance for food production in agriculture, its genetic basis is insufficiently understood. Studying heterosis in yeast can potentially yield insights into its genetic basis, can allow one to test the different hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the phenomenon and allows better understanding of how to take advantage of this phenomenon to enhance food production. We therefore crossed 16 parental yeast strains to form 120 yeast hybrids, and measured their growth rates under five environmental conditions. A considerable amount of dominant genetic variation was found in growth performance, and heterosis was measured in 35% of the hybrid-condition combinations. Despite previous reports of correlations between heterosis and measures of sequence divergence between parents, we detected no such relationship. We used several analyses to examine which genetic model might explain heterosis. We found that dominance complementation of recessive alleles, overdominant interactions within loci and epistatic interactions among loci each contribute to heterosis. We concluded that in yeast heterosis is a complex phenotype created by the combined contribution of different genetic interactions.

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A unifying theory for general multigenic heterosis: energy efficiency, protein metabolism, and implications for molecular breeding

Cited by 128 publications

References 194 publications

Genetic composition of yield heterosis in an elite rice hybrid

Genetic composition of yield heterosis in an elite rice hybrid

Heterosis: Many Genes, Many Mechanisms—End the Search for an Undiscovered Unifying Theory

Extensive heterosis in growth of yeast hybrids is explained by a combination of genetic models

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