A Uniform and Robust Bioinspired Zwitterion Coating for Use in Blood‐Contacting Catheters with Improved Anti‐Inflammatory and Antithrombotic Properties

Abstract

Inflammation and thrombosis are two major complications of blood-contacting catheters that are used as extracorporeal circuits for hemodialysis and life-support systems. In clinical applications, complications can lead to increased mortality and morbidity rates. In this work, a biomimetic erythrocyte membrane zwitterion coating based on poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-dopamine methacrylate) (pMPCDA) copolymers is uniformly and robustly modified onto a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) catheter via mussel-inspired surface chemistry. The zwitterionic pMPCDA coating exhibits excellent antifouling activity and resists bacterial adhesion, fibrinogen adsorption, and platelet adhesion/activation. The material also demonstrates great hemocompatibility, cytocompatibility, and anticoagulation properties in vitro. Additionally, this biocompatible pMPCDA coating reduces in vivo foreign-body reactions by mitigating inflammatory response and collagen capsule formation, due to its outstanding ability to resist nonspecific protein adsorption. More importantly, when compared with a bare PVC catheter, the pMPCDA coating exhibits outstanding antithrombotic properties when tested in an ex vivo rabbit perfusion model. Thus, it is envisioned that this biomimetic erythrocyte membrane surface strategy will provide a promising way to mitigate inflammation and thrombosis caused by the use of blood-contacting catheters.

Antibacterial-Based Hydrogel Coatings and Their Application in the Biomedical Field—A Review

“…This method involves a simple synthetic principle and can couple various antibacterial substances, drugs, and biomolecules to achieve surface functionalization through various click reactions, allowing more diverse applications of hydrogel coatings. Liu prepared a polymer zwitterion coating based on poly(2-methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine-co-dopamine methacrylate) (pMPCDA) copolymers with anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties [52], which are also used for blood-contacting catheters. In order to prepare such a uniform and stable coating, the PVC surface was amino functionalized by co-deposition of polydopamine (PDA) and polyvinyl imine.…”

Recent advances in hydrogel coatings for urinary catheters

“…Currently, in vitro antibacterial and animal models 79,87,88 of hydrogel coatings have been described, but their usage in clinical trials is rarely mentioned. An infection rate and cost analysis of UTIs with coated and un-coated catheters showed a 45% reduction in catheter-associated infections and lower cost in patients who use silver hydrogel catheters.…”

Commercial and novel anticoagulant ECMO coatings: a review

“…[62][63][64] In addition to their anticoagulant functions, zwitterionic coatings can act as anti-inflammatory agents by avoiding macrophage recognition and blocking the adhesion of inflammation-associated proteins. 57,65 In the development of such coatings, there are three essential points to be considered: the adequate coverage of the coating on the device surface, overall electrical neutrality of the zwitterionic groups, and formation of a bound water layer on highly hydrated surfaces. 66,67 Zwitterionic coatings also have inherent disadvantages; the polar interaction between the zwitterionic part and the surrounding aqueous medium (i.e., blood) reduces the stability of the coating, especially its mechanical properties.…”

“…66,67 Zwitterionic coatings also have inherent disadvantages; the polar interaction between the zwitterionic part and the surrounding aqueous medium (i.e., blood) reduces the stability of the coating, especially its mechanical properties. 57 The main methods used to increase the mechanical strength of the coating include pre-treating the device, adding bridging molecules between the device and the zwitterionic layer and increasing the mechanical strength inside the zwitterionic coating. Liu et al first achieved the amino-functionalisation of a poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) surface by co-depositing polydopamine (PDA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) to provide uniform and stable substrate conditions for zwitterionic polymers.…”

“…Zwitterionic coatings are inspired by the external surfaces of mammalian erythrocyte membranes, which are rich in phospholipids and have zwitterion head groups with innate antifouling and anticoagulant abilities. 57 Zwitterionic ionic groups are crucial in zwitterionic coatings due to their anticoagulant function, which have equal amounts of positive and negative charges on the same side chain of the group. Equal and opposite charges attract water molecules through electrostatic interactions, forming a strong hydration layer that inhibits anti-nonspecific protein adhesion.…”