A Type II Arabinogalactan fromAnoectochilus formosanusfor G-CSF Production in Macrophages and Leukopenia Improvement in CT26-Bearing Mice Treated with 5-Fluorouracil

Abstract

Anoectochilus formosanus is an herb well known in Asian countries. The polysaccharide isolated from A. formosanus consists of type II arabinogalactan (AGAF), with branched 3,6-Gal as the major moiety. In this study, AGAF was examined for the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) production and related protein expression in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. The signaling pathway of G-CSF production involves AGAF and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) inhibitors and pattern-recognition receptor antibodies. AGAF was evaluated to ease the leukopenia in CT26-colon-cancer-bearing mice treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The results of this study showed that AGAF was a stimulant for Toll-like receptor 2 and Dectin-1 and that it induced G-CSF production, through p38 and ERK MAPK, and NF-κB pathways. In vivo examination showed that the oral administration of AGAF mitigated the side effects of leukopenia caused by 5-FU in colon-cancer-bearing mice. In conclusion, the botanic type II AGAF in this study was a potent G-CSF inducer in vivo and in vitro.

Panax quinquefolius (North American Ginseng) Polysaccharides as Immunomodulators: Current Research Status and Future Directions

“…This was diminished upon inhibition of either TLR4 or a cluster of differentiation factor 14 (CD14), a known coreceptor of TLR4 [ 114 ]. Conversely, another type-II arabinogalactan from Anoectochilus formosanus (AGAF) caused the activation of NF-κB and MAPK (ERK and p38), which was partially attenuated upon inhibition of Dectin-1 and TLR2, but not TLR4 [ 115 ]. These examples provide evidence to suggest either the TLR4-CD14-dependent pathway or Dectin-1/TLR2 signaling pathways as potential mechanisms of action for AGC1 and other type-II arabinogalactans from NAG, which may be fully characterized in the future.…”

Purification of polysaccharide from artificially cultivated Anoectochilus roxburghii (wall.) Lindl . by high-speed counter current chromatography and its antitumor activity

“…A. roxburghii mainly contains polysaccharides, nucleosides, quercetin, flavonoids, trace elements, and other active ingredients . A. roxburghii polysaccharide (ARPS) was reported to have many bio‐activities, such as antioxidation, enhance immune system, anti‐cancer directly and as an effective anticancer adjuvant . However, its wild resources are now on the verge of extinction because of excessive mining in China.…”

Effects of fungal- and plant-derived non-starch polysaccharides in macrophages

“…Notably, NSP with a similar composition to those found on chayote enhanced the innate immune response against tumors, reduced the adverse effects of chemotherapy in animal models and showed immumodulatory effects in macrophages (28,29). Thus, the study of NSP from chayote fruit in macrophages will expand the understanding of how chayote consumption promote health benefits.…”