A TWO‐STAGE TECHNIQUE FOR THE <i>IN VITRO</i> DIGESTION OF FORAGE CROPS

Tilley, J. M. A.; Terry, R. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1963.tb00335.x

Cited by 5,946 publications

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“…Analyses were for IVDMD (Tilley and Terry, 1963), CP concentration (automated Kjeldahl, method 976.05; AOAC, 1990) and dietary fibre attributes of NDF (with α-amylase), ADF and ADL (Goering and Van Soest, 1970). Given the low variation of gross energy content among diets, we assumed gross energy to be 18.39 MJ/kg DM for all grass samples (Goley, 1961) and 16.3 MJ/kg DM for poultry litter (Bhattacharya and Fontenot, 1966).…”

Section: Migda Rainfall In Migda In 2004 and 2005 Was 186mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Faecal near-IR spectroscopy to determine the nutritional value of diets consumed by beef cattle in east Mediterranean rangelands

Landau

Dvash

Roudman

et al. 2016

animal

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Rapid assessment of the nutritional quality of diets ingested by grazing animals is pivotal for successful cow-calf management in east Mediterranean rangelands, which receive unpredictable rainfall and are subject to hot-spells. Clipped vegetation samples are seldom representative of diets consumed, as cows locate and graze selectively. In contrast, faeces are easily sampled and their near-IR spectra contain information about nutrients and their utilization. However, a pre-requisite for successful faecal nearinfrared reflectance spectroscopy (FNIRS) is that the calibration database encompass the spectral variability of samples to be analyzed. Using confined beef cows in Northern and Southern Israel, we calibrated prediction equations based on individual pairs of known dietary attributes and the NIR spectra of associated faeces ( n = 125). Diets were composed of fresh-cut green fodder of monocots (wheat and barley), dicots (safflower and garden pea) and natural pasture collected at various phenological states over 2 consecutive years, and, optionally, supplements of barley grain and dried poultry litter. A total of 48 additional pairs of faeces and diets sourced from cows fed six complete mixed rations covering a wide range of energy and CP concentrations. Precision (linearity of calibration, R 2 cal, and of cross-validation, R 2 cv) and accuracy (standard error of cross-validation, SEcv) were criteria for calibration quality. The calibrations for dietary ash, CP, NDF and in vitro dry matter digestibility yielded R 2 cal values >0.87, R 2 cv of 0.81 to 0.89 and SEcv values of 16, 13, 39 and 31 g/kg dry matter, respectively. Equations for nutrient intake were of low quality, with the exception of CP. Evaluation of FNIRS predictions was carried out with grazing animals supplemented or not with poultry litter, and implementation of the method in one herd over 2 years is presented. The potential usefulness of equations was also established by calculating the Mahalanobis ( H) distance to the spectral centroid of a calibration population of 796 faecal samples collected throughout 2 years in four herds. Seasonal trends in pasture quality and responses to management practices were identified adequately and H < 3.0 for 98% of faecal samples collected. We conclude that the development of FNIRS equations with confined animals is not only unexpensive and ethically acceptable, but their predictions are also sufficiently accurate to monitor dietary composition (but not intake) of beef cattle in east Mediterranean rangelands.Keywords: nutrition, beef cattle, NIRS, monitoring, decision-making ImplicationsMarket globalization and climate changes threaten beef cattle grazing on east Mediterranean rangelands. Profitability requires adequate stocking rate and timely supplementation. Clipped samples of vegetation are seldom representative of the consumed diet. We present a methodology that obviates the need to obtain representative diet samples, based on the hypothesis that faeces contain ample information on diets consumed. We show ...

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Section: Migda Rainfall In Migda In 2004 and 2005 Was 186mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Out of 796 faecal samples, only eight (≈1%) In vitro dry matter digestibility (Tilley and Terry, 1963).…”

Section: Validation With Grazing Cowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Faecal near-IR spectroscopy to determine the nutritional value of diets consumed by beef cattle in east Mediterranean rangelands

Landau

Dvash

Roudman

et al. 2016

animal

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“…As knowing these values is essential for controlled animal feeding, several methods have been developed to estimate the digestible nutrient contents of forages. The principal methods are based on chemical composition (Andrieu et al, 1981) or on an in vitro simulation of the in-animal digestion process using rumen fluid inoculum (Tilley and Terry, 1963;Menke et al, 1979) or cellulolytic enzyme (Aufrè re and Demarquilly, 1989). More recently, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to predict the in vivo digestibility and voluntary intake (VI) of forages (Park et al, 1998;Decruyenaere et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NIRS prediction of the feed value of temperate forages: efficacy of four calibration strategies

Andueza

Picard

Jestin

et al. 2011

Animal

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Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) of 924 fresh temperate forages were used to develop calibration models for chemical composition -crude ash (CA) and crude protein (CP) -organic matter digestibility (OMD) and voluntary intake (VI). We used 110 samples to assess the models. Four calibration strategies for determining forage quality were compared: (i) speciesspecific calibration, (ii) family-specific calibration, (iii) a global procedure and (iv) a local approach. Forage calibration data sets displayed CA values ranging from 52 to 205 g/kg of dry matter (DM), CP values from 50 to 280 g/kg DM, OMD values from 0.48 to 0.85 g/g and VI values from 22.5 to 115.2 g DM/kg metabolic body weight (BW 0.75 ). The calibration models performed well for all the variables except for VI. For CA, local procedure showed lower standard error of prediction (SEP) than species-specific, family-specific or global models. For CP, the calibration models all showed similar SEP values (11.13, 11.08, 11.38 and 11.34 g/kg DM for species-specific, family-specific, global and local approaches). For OMD, the local procedure gave a similar SEP (0.024 g/g) to specific species and global procedures (0.027 g/g) and a lower SEP than the family-specific approach (0.028 g/g). For VI, the local approach and species-specific calibration showed lower SEP (7.08 and 7.16 g/kg BW 0.75 ) than the broad-based calibrations (8.09 and 8.34 g/kg BW 0.75 for family-specific model and global procedure, respectively). Local calibration may thus offer a practical way to develop robust universal equations for animal response determinations.Keywords: chemical composition, in vivo organic matter digestibility, voluntary intake, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy ImplicationsThis study evaluates the utility of different near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration methods for predicting the feed value of fresh forages. We compare an alternative local approach with the more classical global approach. The local approach conserves all the advantages of NIRS technology (rapidity, non-contaminant technology and precision) and takes into account the number of samples and their diversity when large database are available. It overcomes the main limitation of NIRS, which is that the samples for prediction have to be close to those of the calibration population. The local approach could improve prediction of the nutritional value of feeds, and thus have important economic and environmental implications for animal nutrition. IntroductionRuminant performance is closely related to the digestibility and intake of feedstuffs. In most countries, knowledge of the feed value of forages is based on in vivo measurements made in castrated male sheep (Demarquilly et al., 1995 for a review). However, the large-scale application of in vivo digestibility trials for evaluating forage feed value is an expensive and time-consuming process that requires large amounts of feeds. As knowing these values is essential for controlled animal feeding, several methods have been d...

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“…NDF was expressed inclusive of residual ash. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was obtained according to the procedures described by Tilley and Terry (1963). DMI An intake trial was performed during the first 2 experimental years.…”

Section: Sward Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The digestibility of overall diet was evaluated using the Tilley and Terry (1963) method. The plants were sampled by hand-plucking (four samples per paddock), which was carried out by three visually trained technicians, over the entire experimental period, simulating a cow's grazing.…”

Section: Sward Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sward characteristics and performance of dairy cows in organic grass–legume pastures shaded by tropical trees

Paciullo

Pires

Aroeira

et al. 2014

Animal

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The silvopastoral system (SPS) has been suggested to ensure sustainability in animal production systems in tropical ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate pasture characteristics, herbage intake, grazing activity and milk yield of Holstein × Zebu cows managed in two grazing systems (treatments): SPS dominated by a graminaceous forage (Brachiaria decumbens) intercropped with different leguminous herbaceous forages (Stylosanthes spp., Pueraria phaseoloides and Calopogonium mucunoides) and legume trees (Acacia mangium, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala), and open pasture (OP) of B. decumbens intercropped only with Stylosanthes spp. Pastures were managed according to the rules for organic cattle production. The study was carried out by following a switch back format with 12 cows, 6 for each treatment, over 3 experimental years. Herbage mass was similar ( P > 0.05) for both treatments, supporting an average stocking rate of 1.23 AU/ha. Daily dry matter intake did not vary ( P > 0.05) between treatments (average of 11.3 ± 1.02 kg/cow per day, corresponding to 2.23 ± 0.2% BW). Milk yield was higher ( P < 0.05; 10.4 ± 0.06 kg/cow per day) in the SPS than in the OP (9.5 ± 0.06 kg/cow per day) during the 1 st year, but did not significantly differ ( P > 0.05) in subsequent years. The highest ( P < 0.05) values for herbage mass and milk yield were observed during the 3 rd year. In the SPS, with moderate shade (19% shade relative to a full-sun condition), the grass CP was higher ( P < 0.05) than in the OP, although the NDF content and digestibility coefficient were not modified. The animals spent more time ( P < 0.05) idling in the SPS than in OP. The higher legume proportion in the SPS was associated with the higher CP level in B. decumbens relative to the OP, which could explain the better ( P < 0.05) performance of the cows in silvopastoral areas during the 1 st year. However, during the 2 nd and 3 rd years, similarities in the legume percentages of both systems resulted in similar ( P > 0.05) milk yields. Low persistence of Stylosanthes guianensis was observed over the experimental period, indicating that the persistence of forage legumes under grazing could be improved using adapted cultivars that have higher annual seed production. The SPS and a diversified botanical composition of the pasture using legume species mixed with grasses are recommended for organic milk production.

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A TWO‐STAGE TECHNIQUE FOR THE IN VITRO DIGESTION OF FORAGE CROPS

Cited by 5,946 publications

References 16 publications

Faecal near-IR spectroscopy to determine the nutritional value of diets consumed by beef cattle in east Mediterranean rangelands

Faecal near-IR spectroscopy to determine the nutritional value of diets consumed by beef cattle in east Mediterranean rangelands

NIRS prediction of the feed value of temperate forages: efficacy of four calibration strategies

Sward characteristics and performance of dairy cows in organic grass–legume pastures shaded by tropical trees

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