A Two‐Dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite Nanowire Laser Array based on Ultrafast Light‐Harvesting Quantum Wells

Zhang, Haihua; Wu, Yishi; Liao, Qing; Zhang, Zhaoyi; Liu, Yanping; Gao, Qinggang; Liu, Peng; Li, Meili; Yao, Jiannian; Fu, Hongbing

doi:10.1002/anie.201802515

Cited by 80 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…[ 16 ] The flexibility of fabricating hybrid perovskite lasers using solution‐processed methods enables large‐scale production and is attractive for the realization of on‐chip integration of photonic circuits. [ 17 ]…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Energy Funneling in Quasi‐2D Perovskites: From Light Emission to Lasing

et al. 2020

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high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), wide wavelength tunability, and high color purity, [4][5][6] they have been attractive for light-emitting diode (LED) applications. Since the first demonstration of perovskite LEDs in 2014, [7] the device external quantum efficiency (EQE) has risen rapidly from 0.1% [7] to ≈20%, [2,4,8] and the efficiency enhancements are mainly attributed to passivation and compositional engineering, [2,8] improved charge balance by optimization of device structure, [9] and efficient light extraction. [4] More recently, these materials are considered as optical gain medium for lasers. In 2014, the first amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) was observed from CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 thin films with a threshold of 12 µJ cm −2 and a gain of 250 cm −1 , which is ascribed to the large absorption coefficient, low bulk defect density, and slow Auger recombination rate. [10] These ASE threshold and gain values are comparable to the state of art gain media such as colloidal quantum dots [11] and organic thin films. [12] Since then, optically pumped lasers have been demonstrated based on various microcavity structures such as Fabry-Pérot cavities, [13,14] distributed feedback (DFB) gratings, [3,15] and whispering gallery cavities. [16] The flexibility of fabricating hybrid perovskite lasers using solution-processed methods enables large-scale production and is attractive for the realization of on-chip integration of photonic circuits. [17] Quasi-2D perovskites, which are also known as Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) perovskites, are mixed phases of 2D and 3D nanocrystals. In the mixture, 2D domains exhibit quantumwell-like electronic properties with strong exciton binding energy due to the reduced dimensionality. [18] Typically, the 2D perovskite (A') 2 A n−1 B n X 3n+1 domains consist of multilayers of BX 6 octahedra separated by intercalating ammonium cations A', which is too large to fit into the crystal structure and hinder the growth of 3D ABX 3 crystals (A = methylammonium (MA + ), formamidinium (FA + ), or Cs + , B = Pb 2+ , and X = I − , Br − , Cl − ). As a result, the number of layers determine the bandgap of 2D quantum-well-like domains. [19] Different from 3D perovskites, thin films of qausi-2D perovskites typically contain a mixture of domains with different layers. Within such inhomogenous Quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper halide perovskites with a large exciton binding energy, self-assembled quantum wells, and high quantum yield draw attention for optoelectronic device applications. Thin films of these quasi-2D perovskites consist of a mixture of domains having different dimensionality, allowing energy funneling from lower-dimensional nanosheets (high-bandgap domains) to 3D nanocrystals (low-bandgap domains). High-quality quasi-2D perovskite (PEA) 2 (FA) 3 Pb 4 Br 13 films are fabricated by solution engineering. Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements are conducted to study the crystal orientation, and transient absorption spectroscopy measurements are conducted to study the charge-carr...

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Energy Funneling in Quasi‐2D Perovskites: From Light Emission to Lasing

et al. 2020

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“…Organic−inorganic hybrid perovskites (CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 , X = Cl, Br, or I) have emerged as a new generation of solution‐processable and inexpensive materials for various optoelectronic devices. [ 1 − 4 ] Most of these devices are made from the perovskite polycrystalline films, which inevitably contain a high density of structural defects and grain boundaries. [ 5 ] Perovskite single crystals (PSCs) with few charge traps possess superior optoelectronic properties in terms of higher carrier mobility and longer carrier diffusion length and lifetime.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

A Microchannel‐Confined Crystallization Strategy Enables Blade Coating of Perovskite Single Crystal Arrays for Device Integration

Deng

Jie

et al. 2020

Advanced Materials

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to millimeter scale, which is much larger than the carrier diffuse length in PSCs and thus greatly hinders their device applications. To solve this problem, a space-confined strategy was introduced into these methods to grow PSCs with thickness from several hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers. [14,17−19] However, the lateral dimension of the resulting PSCs was limited by lack of solution supplement at the confined areas to provide enough solutes for continuous crystal growth. Moreover, the reported growth techniques for PSCs are quite time consuming and batch processes with limited throughput.Among various solution-based methods, blade coating has the advantages of high throughput, roll-to-roll compatibility, and minimal material wastage. [20−22] Although it has been widely applied to fabricate perovskite thin films for device applications, [23−26] PSCs deposited by the blade coating method generally exhibit a nonuniform morphology with low crystallinity, making them very challenging to fabricate high-performance integrated devices. The solution fluidic flow instabilities are believed to be the primary cause. [25,27] During the coating process, perovskite solutes would be turbulently transported to various locations of meniscus front, and this yields perovskite supersaturated phase containing randomly aggregated solutes, resulting in inhomogeneous nucleation and formation of the nonuniform and misaligned seed crystals. Therefore, it still remains a great challenge to achieve large-area growth of PSCs with highly uniform morphology via blade coating.Herein, we report the development, for the first time, of a microchannel-confined crystallization (MCC) strategy for the large-area growth of highly aligned PSCs with uniform morphology, which is applicable to device integration. The microchannels not only helped stabilize the transport of perovskite solutes but also reduced the density of nucleation events, ensuring the formation of uniform and continuous PSCs arrays in the channels. Both in situ experimental observation and theoretical simulation verified the vital roles of the microchannel in controlling the solution flow dynamics. The resulting PSCs possess a long carrier lifetime of 175 ns and an ultralow defect density of 2 × 10 9 cm −3 , which are comparable to the corresponding Perovskite single crystals (PSCs) possess superior optoelectronic properties compared to their corresponding polycrystalline films, but their applications of PSCs in high-performance, integrated devices are hindered by their heavy thickness and difficulty in scalable deposition. Here, a microchannel-confined crystallization (MCC) strategy to grow uniform and large-area PSC arrays for integrated device applications is reported. Benefiting from the confinement effect of the microchannels, solution flow dynamics is well controlled, and thus uniform deposition of PSC arrays with suitable thickness is achieved, meaning they are applicable for scale-up device applications. The resulting PSCs possess excellent optoelectronic proper...

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“…The latter demonstrated superior environmental and photo stabilities compared to their 3D counterparts. Zhang et al [30] were the 1st to demonstrate the application of this type of perovskite semiconductors as a gain medium in a laser device. The authors demonstrated the fabrication onto polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) of high-density NW laser arrays.…”

Section: Literature Review Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic and Hybrid Perovskite Based Laser Devices: A Review

et al. 2019

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Inorganic and organic-inorganic (hybrid) perovskite semiconductor materials have attracted worldwide scientific attention and research effort as the new wonder semiconductor material in optoelectronics. Their excellent physical and electronic properties have been exploited to boost the solar cells efficiency beyond 23% and captivate their potential as competitors to the dominant silicon solar cells technology. However, the fundamental principles in Physics, dictate that an excellent direct band gap material for photovoltaic applications must be also an excellent light emitter candidate. This has been realized for the case of perovskite-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) but much less for the case of the respective laser devices. Here, the strides, exclusively in lasing, made since 2014 are presented for the first time. The solution processability, low temperature crystallization, formation of nearly defect free, nanostructures, the long range ambipolar transport, the direct energy band gap, the high spectral emission tunability over the entire visible spectrum and the almost 100% external luminescence efficiency show perovskite semiconductors’ potential to transform the nanophotonics sector. The operational principles, the various adopted material and laser configurations along the future challenges are reviewed and presented in this paper.

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A Two‐Dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite Nanowire Laser Array based on Ultrafast Light‐Harvesting Quantum Wells

Cited by 80 publications

References 27 publications

Efficient Energy Funneling in Quasi‐2D Perovskites: From Light Emission to Lasing

Efficient Energy Funneling in Quasi‐2D Perovskites: From Light Emission to Lasing

A Microchannel‐Confined Crystallization Strategy Enables Blade Coating of Perovskite Single Crystal Arrays for Device Integration

Inorganic and Hybrid Perovskite Based Laser Devices: A Review

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