“…Compensation solutions' costs include initial costs, which represent the equipment and installation costs and annual operating costs, the latter including maintenance costs, heat losses, additional battery replacement costs. The efficiency of each compensation solution will be highlighted by the performance of the equipment and the severity of the voltage sag [29][30][31].…”
Section: Characterization Of Cost-based Compensation Solutions and Thmentioning
In a context with an increased level of competitiveness, companies are more and more interested in aspects concerning sustainable development. The implications of inadequate power quality (PQ) can determine important financial losses and influence companies' sustainable development through the generated effects. This article aims to facilitate the management of PQ by proposing a method for estimating the economic consequences of a poor PQ, with priority for the disturbances with significant economic effects. To determine the total cost for each type of PQ perturbation that may occur a classification of cost categories was made such as interruptions, process slowdowns, equipment failure, equipment downtime, reduced energy efficiency, lower product quality, lower labor productivity, and other indirect costs. Each PQ disturbance affects the final end-user differently. For calculating the total value for each type of PQ issues, different calculation formulas have been proposed so that each perturbation includes only those components associated with that perturbation. A case study was used to validate the proposed method. Also, the paper includes a technical and economic analysis of the possible compensation solutions for PQ disturbances that may affect the studied company. In conclusion, an understanding of PQ issues' consequences and an appropriate approach to PQ compensation solutions can be beneficial to any electrical power end-user.
“…Compensation solutions' costs include initial costs, which represent the equipment and installation costs and annual operating costs, the latter including maintenance costs, heat losses, additional battery replacement costs. The efficiency of each compensation solution will be highlighted by the performance of the equipment and the severity of the voltage sag [29][30][31].…”
Section: Characterization Of Cost-based Compensation Solutions and Thmentioning
In a context with an increased level of competitiveness, companies are more and more interested in aspects concerning sustainable development. The implications of inadequate power quality (PQ) can determine important financial losses and influence companies' sustainable development through the generated effects. This article aims to facilitate the management of PQ by proposing a method for estimating the economic consequences of a poor PQ, with priority for the disturbances with significant economic effects. To determine the total cost for each type of PQ perturbation that may occur a classification of cost categories was made such as interruptions, process slowdowns, equipment failure, equipment downtime, reduced energy efficiency, lower product quality, lower labor productivity, and other indirect costs. Each PQ disturbance affects the final end-user differently. For calculating the total value for each type of PQ issues, different calculation formulas have been proposed so that each perturbation includes only those components associated with that perturbation. A case study was used to validate the proposed method. Also, the paper includes a technical and economic analysis of the possible compensation solutions for PQ disturbances that may affect the studied company. In conclusion, an understanding of PQ issues' consequences and an appropriate approach to PQ compensation solutions can be beneficial to any electrical power end-user.
“…To protect the sensitive load, DVR with a self-tuned fuzzy-PI controller is provided to maximize the power flow with improved power factor [12]. Voltage sag is compensated by using a DVR with second degrees of freedom of the resonant control scheme [13]. To secure the sensitive load, hybrid energy storage system based DVR is introduced with a sensitive load [14].…”
The main challenge in today's power system is to supply continuous, reliable power and satisfy the high demand. The incorporation of renewable energy sources into the utility grid system can be accomplished. However, the renewable sources are intermittent in nature and the loads work dynamically and cause imbalances to the system voltage within an immediate time. Intermittent renewable sources affect the voltage of the power grid system. Photovoltaic (PV) power generation with Z-source inverter (ZSI)-based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is used to avoid that. For step-up low DC voltage to required AC voltage for the compensation of the voltage disturbance, ZSI with the energy storage impedance network is used. DC-DC converters connect the PV cell and the battery storage to the impedance source network. This article also incorporates an upgraded second-order generalized integrator (U-SOGI) control system for the generation of reference voltage signals. The U-SOGI control reference voltage generation approach greatly improves system performance and decreases the harmonic voltage. The voltage-related problems in the system connected to the utility grid are mitigated with DVR. In different load and source conditions, the PV generation with DVR performance is verified by the digital simulation and experimental prototype.
“…Using reduced active power injection, the energy optimized strategy maintains balanced load voltages under unbalanced large voltage sags. In [20], a two-degree freedom control strategy is proposed to reduce the number of measured variables. In this way, the conventional current loop can be avoided in the control scheme of the DVR.…”
This paper proposes a simplified four-level (S4L) inverter based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). In the proposed configuration, the dual buck stage can output full, two thirds, and one third of dc link voltage. Including the zero voltage provided by the two-level inverter, the output of the proposed inverter can be four levels. With the same switching frequency, the S4L inverter based DVR achieves better performance than the existing two-level and three-level inverters based DVRs. Moreover, compared with the existing four-level inverter based DVRs, it requires less active switches/diodes and only requires a single DC power source. The experimental results are provided for the validation of the proposed system. INDEX TERMS Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), simplified four-level (S4L) inverter, voltage sag, total harmonic distortion (THD).
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