A Triggering Mechanism for Cyber-Attacks in Naval Sensors and Systems

Leite, Walmor Cristino; Moraes, Claudio Coreixas de; Albuquerque, Carlos Eduardo Pires de; Machado, Raphael C. S.; Sá, Alan Oliveira de

doi:10.3390/s21093195

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Leite Junior et al [29] describe an attacker using the electromagnetic spectrum to send a sequence of forged pulses for commanding and controlling the attacks executed by an onboard cyber component. Amro et al [30] also show that an attacker can establish similar covert channels with the Automatic Identification System (AIS) radio frequencies.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic Attacks as a Cyber False Flag against Maritime Radars Systems

Longo,

Merlo,

Armando

et al. 2023

2023 IEEE 48th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)

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Radar systems have long been essential for safe navigation in various transportation sectors, including aviation, maritime, and automotive. While these systems provide invaluable situational awareness and decision-making capabilities, they increasingly become targets for malicious actors aiming to disrupt their normal operations. Electronic countermeasures (ECM) have traditionally been the predominant form of attack. However, recent findings have uncovered their vulnerability to cyberbased actions, capitalizing on their digitization and network connectivity. In this paper, we propose a novel threat model that exploits cyber attack capabilities against radar systems to simulate the effects of ECM. This model goes beyond known attacks by introducing a deceptive element, challenging attribution. To evaluate the feasibility of these attacks, extensive experimentation is conducted using a realistic case study involving the maritime domain. Through this research, we aim to highlight the evolving threats facing radar systems and the need for comprehensive security measures.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic Attacks as a Cyber False Flag against Maritime Radars Systems

Longo,

Merlo,

Armando

et al. 2023

2023 IEEE 48th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)

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“…The need for multiple positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) systems onboard maritime vessels to complement GPS-only navigation is identified. To further point out this need, in [ 17 ], simulated attacks towards current navigation systems are implemented. The feasibility of an attacker using a radar system or AIS as an open door to remotely send commands to a cyber threat hosted on a ship is investigated.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Adaptive, Situation-Based Risk Assessment and Security Enforcement Framework for the Maritime Sector

Grigoriadis

Laborde

Verdier

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Maritime processes involve actors and systems that continuously change their underlying environment, location and threat exposure. Thus, risk mitigation requires a dynamic risk assessment process, coupled with an adaptive, event driven security enforcement mechanism, to efficiently deal with dynamically evolving risks in a cost efficient manner. In this paper, we propose an adaptive security framework that covers both situational risk assessment and situational driven security policy deployment. We extend MITIGATE, a maritime-specific risk assessment methodology, to capture situations in the risk assessment process and thus produce fine-grained and situation-specific, dynamic risk estimations. Then, we integrate DynSMAUG, a situation-driven security management system, to enforce adaptive security policies that dynamically implement security controls specific to each situation. To validate the proposed framework, we test it based on maritime cargo transfer service. We utilize various maritime specific and generic systems employed during cargo transfer, to produce dynamic risks for various situations. Our results show that the proposed framework can effectively assess dynamic risks per situation and automate the enforcement of adaptive security controls per situation. This is an important improvement in contrast to static and situation-agnostic risk assessment frameworks, where security controls always default to worst-case risks, with a consequent impact on the cost and the applicability of proper security controls.

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“…They lack a comprehensive, real-time, and accurate assessment of navigation risks, only calculating collision risk when a potential danger is visually detected [12,13,14]. Moreover, there is a lack of open communication and interoperability among shipborne navigation instruments such as radar, AIS, ECDIS, and other onboard devices like autopilots [15,16]. These systems operate independently, hindering information exchange [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-functional and Practical Adaptive Collision Avoidance Decision-making System for Autonomous Ships

Zheng,

Zhang,

Liu

et al. 2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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In the current landscape, autonomous navigation systems face challenges due to incomplete functionality and low integration. They also lack a comprehensive, real-time, and accurate navigation risk assessment, while operating independently from one another. To address these issues, a multi-functional and practical adaptive collision avoidance decision-making system for autonomous ships is developed in this paper. The system primarily relies on the electronic navigational chart (ENC) to effectively display the ship’s navigation situation. It establishes a collision avoidance decision-making model centered around the own ship, offering collision risk analysis, avoidance methods, and optimal timing to ensure safe navigation. The system efficiently integrates and processes multimodal maritime data from various devices, utilizing ontology-based approaches for comprehensive navigation situation understanding, which integration provides invaluable support for intelligent decision-making processes. With a user-friendly interface, excellent portability, and cross-platform interoperability, this system has undergone collaborative efforts and joint debugging with China Shipbuilding Navigation Technology Co., Ltd. during the project’s first and second phases. Notably, the system has been successfully implemented on the “High-performance Integrated Bridge System” platform of China Shipbuilding Navigation, showcasing its potential for advancement from principle prototype development to actual equipment application. By offering accurate collision avoidance decision support, this system significantly contributes to enhancing the safety of ship navigation.

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A Triggering Mechanism for Cyber-Attacks in Naval Sensors and Systems

Cited by 24 publications

References 33 publications

Electronic Attacks as a Cyber False Flag against Maritime Radars Systems

Electronic Attacks as a Cyber False Flag against Maritime Radars Systems

An Adaptive, Situation-Based Risk Assessment and Security Enforcement Framework for the Maritime Sector

Multi-functional and Practical Adaptive Collision Avoidance Decision-making System for Autonomous Ships

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