A Trichophyton Rubrum Infection Model Based on the Reconstructed Human Epidermis - Episkin®

Liang, Panpan; Huang, Xin-Zhu; Yi, Jing; Chen, Zhirui; Ma, Han; Ye, Congxiu; Chen, Xian-Yan; Lai, Wei; Chen, Jian

doi:10.4103/0366-6999.172573

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These localisations were also observed in skin biopsies of human and animal patients, and after experimental GP infection 5,16,31‐34 . Co‐stainings of sections of infected GPSE with anti‐Dsg1 and anti‐ Trichophyton antibodies substantiate the findings of other authors concerning host tissue invasion, which is described simultaneously intra‐ and intercellularly most likely through concerted mechanical and enzymatic forces 35‐38 …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Visualising virulence factors: Trichophyton benhamiaes subtilisins demonstrated in a guinea pig skin ex vivo model

Baumbach

Michler

Nenoff³

et al. 2020

Mycoses

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Background Dermatophytoses rank among the most frequent communicable diseases in humans, and the zoonotic transmission is increasing. The zoophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton (T.) benhamiae is nowadays one of the main causes of tinea faciei et corporis in children. However, scientific data on molecular pathomechanisms and specific virulence factors enabling this ubiquitous occurrence are scarce. Objectives To study tissue invasion and the expression of important virulence factors of T. benhamiae, isolates that were recovered from two groups of hosts (humans vs. guinea pigs (GP)) using an ex vivo skin model. Methods After confirmation of species identity by ITS sequencing, CFU suspensions of dermatophyte isolates (n = 20) were applied to the skin infection model and cultured. Employing specific immunofluorescence staining techniques, the expression of subtilisin 3 and 6 and metallocarboxypeptidase A was analysed. The general mode of invasion was explored. Results were compared with biopsies of naturally infected GP. Results All isolates were successfully recovered and proliferated well after application to the infection model. Progressive invasion of hyphae through all skin structures and destruction of explants were observed with early events being comparable to natural infection. An increasing expression of the examined virulence factors towards the end of culture was noticed but no difference between the two groups of isolates. Conclusions For the first time, important in vivo markers of dermatophytosis were visualised immunohistochemically in an ex vivo skin infection model and in skin biopsies of GP naturally infected with T. benhamiae. More research on the underlying pathomechanisms of dermatophyte infection is urgently needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Visualising virulence factors: Trichophyton benhamiaes subtilisins demonstrated in a guinea pig skin ex vivo model

Baumbach

Michler

Nenoff³

et al. 2020

Mycoses

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“…LDH release becomes obvious when dermatophytes remain in close contact with the epidermal tissue for at least 4 days. A similar timeframe allowing tissue invasion followed by destruction of the cultured epidermis after 10 days was confirmed by Liang et al who used the EpiSkin ® model, which includes dermal components, to probe T. rubrum infection. Their study also showed that conidia applied at low density were less prone to extend into deep layers after 4 days of infection.…”

Section: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Allows To Characterize Barriermentioning

confidence: 67%

“…In 1995, a first report confirmed the efficacy of terbinafine as an antifungal compound in a reconstructed tissue . More recently, two models of dermatophytosis based on commercially available reconstructed skin models, EpiDerm (MatTek) and Episkin ® , have been published. Both utilized conidia as infectious material.…”

Section: In Vitro Models Of Dermatophytosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Arthroconidia produce germ tubes which grow to form segmented hyphae detected on the epidermal surface from the sixth hour of infection . After 24 hours, and for the 3 days following infection, hyphae invade the cornified layer by progressing through intercellular spaces and inside corneocytes, most likely as a result of degradation of corneodesmosomes, extracellular lipid matrix and intracellular keratin . On the fourth day of infection, hyphae reach the granular layer.…”

Section: Limitations and Perspectives Of In Vitro Investigation Of Dementioning

confidence: 99%

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In vitro models of dermatophyte infection to investigate epidermal barrier alterations

Faway

Rouvroit

Poumay

2018

Experimental Dermatology

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Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of keratinized structures caused by specific filamentous fungi named dermatophytes. In humans, the incidence of dermatophytosis is elevated and continuously increasing, rendering it a public health concern. The pathogeny of dermatophytosis remains poorly understood, partly due to the difficulties to set up a relevant model allowing the study of both the invasion of keratinized structures by fungi, and its impact on host tissue architecture and functions. Recently, the development of human cultured skin equivalents has led to some advances. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about dermatophytosis and then focuses on in vitro models to investigate the alterations of the epidermal barrier in response to fungal infection. | DERMATOPHY TOS IS AND DERMATOPHY TE SDermatophytosis is an infection of superficial keratinized epidermal layers, as well as hairs and nails, which is caused by keratinolytic filamentous fungi named dermatophytes.[1] Numerous dermatophyte species are grouped according to their ecological Genome sequencing, especially analysis of the polymorphisms inside the variable rDNA regions known as internal transcribed spacers (ITS), has provided phylogenetic criteria for improved species identification.[4] A revised classification of dermatophytes was proposed, [5][6][7] based on DNA sequences of five different loci, including ITS, on morphology and physiology in culture, and on geo-, zoo-or anthropophilic ecology (Table 1). This review is concerned with anthropophilic and zoophilic dermatophytes frequently responsible for human infections.Dermatophytosis is responsible for 3%-4% of dermatological cases and is the most common fungal infection in humans, with a prevalence estimated around 20%-25%. [8,9] In addition, its prevalence is continuously raising due to increased risk factors such as sport activities, type 2 diabetes, vascular diseases or ageing. Modern mobility further increases the dissemination of anthropophilic dermatophytes that extend in previously poorly affected geographical areas. [10,11] Among the species capable of infecting human skin,Trichophyton rubrum is the most frequently involved, being responsible for 50%-90% of dermatophytoses in humans. [9,12] The annual health expense cost of dermatophytosis is estimated to more than 500 million of US dollars.[13] | Dermatophyte infections induce various clinical picturesThe clinical signs of dermatophytosis result from both the degradation of keratinized tissues caused by fungal processes, as well as from the specific immune response of the infected host.Zoophilic species, probably less adapted to human hosts, generate more severe inflammatory responses than anthropophilic species. [6,14] Usual signs include dryness, desquamation, cracks and erythema of the skin of the feet, scalp or other body locations.Infections in hairless areas and nails, principally due to Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale, are the most frequent in industrialized countries. Scalp infections, ...

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“…The right model to simulate dermatophyte infection on hosts is a requirement in studying the dermatophytosis infection mechanism. [25] In their in vivo research stated that dermatophyte infection is only limited to stratum corneum. The number of conidia during infection showed the further process of adhesion and stratum corneum invasion to be intuitionistic after infecting 400 conidia.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Dermatophyte Invasion on New Zealand Rabbit Skin Models

et al. 2020

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Dermatophytosis is a dermatophyte fungi infection most commonly found in animals and humans. The first step of infection is started from the attachment of arthroconidium into stratum corneum. The attachment of fungi to the host cell is mediated by fungi adhesin and its interaction with the host receptor. The objective of this research was to develop the infection model of Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum canis by inoculating the macroconidia intradermally on the rabbit model. The macroconidia collection method from culture media was re-visualized as fungi ultrastructure using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Skin lesion analysis was measured from clinical changes of the skin based on primary dermatophytosis signs such as circular alopecia with erythema and squamosal. Clinical confirmation test was done via skin sampling followed by histopathological examination using Methenamine Silver—Grocott’s (GMS) staining. As a result of this research, the in vivo infection model through direct infection of macroconidia applied intradermally was very effective in improving the direct infection to the invasion phase on the skin. This model confirmed the epidermal differentiation process and skin permeability showed primary lesion within 2 hours and aggravated up to 6 hours after inoculation. In conclusion, macroconidium is a potential source of infection to induce the dermatophytosis model and the severity of primary injection correlated with duration and the scale of clinical symptoms exhibited. This is a promising model for further research on the mechanism involved in dermatophyte infection.

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A Trichophyton Rubrum Infection Model Based on the Reconstructed Human Epidermis - Episkin®

Cited by 20 publications

References 20 publications

Visualising virulence factors: Trichophyton benhamiaes subtilisins demonstrated in a guinea pig skin ex vivo model

Visualising virulence factors: Trichophyton benhamiaes subtilisins demonstrated in a guinea pig skin ex vivo model

In vitro models of dermatophyte infection to investigate epidermal barrier alterations

Mechanisms of Dermatophyte Invasion on New Zealand Rabbit Skin Models

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