A topographic re-evaluation of the nigrostriatal projections to the caudate nucleus in the cat with multiple retrograde tracers

Hontanilla, Bernardo; Heras, Silvano de las; Giménez‐Amaya, José Manuel

doi:10.1016/0306-4522(95)00547-1

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Moreover, we are not absolutely certain of the similar sensitivity of both fluorescent tracers. However, in our experience and after many experiments (see Hontanilla et al, 1996;Heras et al, 1997Heras et al, , 1998aHeras et al, ,b, 1999; and the present study), we are able to support the present results on the corticocaudate projections and their collateralization.…”

Section: Methodological Considerationssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…These areas also have corticocaudate neurons that project bilaterally (Royce and Bromley, 1984). This experimental finding supports the possibility that only the multimodal areas of the cerebral cortex are related with different and/or distant striatal territories with distinct functional assignments in the overall organization of the basal ganglia (see, for review, Heimer et al, 1985;Parent, 1986;Alheid et al, 1990;Giménez-Amaya, 1991;Hontanilla et al, 1994Hontanilla et al, , 1996Joel and Weiner, 1994;Parent and Hazrati, 1995;Gerfen and Wilson, 1996;Heras et al, 1999). In this sense, it would be very interesting to know how corticocaudate axons arborize to understand how multimodal cortical areas Finally, our experimental design did not allow us to ascertain whether double-labeled neurons represent cells with restricted focal arborizations of the axon in adjacent portions of the caudate nucleus or extended axonal arborizations that covered large regions of the rostrocaudal striatum (Parent and Hazrati, 1995).…”

Section: Cortical Organization Of the Corticocaudate Projections In Tmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…The use of the fluorescent tracers FB and DY as a tool for the study of the morphological arrangement and collateralization of different projections within the basal ganglia circuitry in the cat has been successful in the analysis of the nigrostriatal and thalamostriatal projections in the cat (Royce, 1983;Macchi et al, 1984;Hontanilla et al, 1996;Heras et al, 1997Heras et al, , 1998aHeras et al, ,b, 1999. These tracers have also been used in other hodological studies of the basal ganglia and related structures in the rat (see, e.g., Mercier et al, 1990;Raos and Bentivoglio, 1993;Né gyessy et al, 1998), cat (see, as e.g., Beckstead and Cruz, 1986;Oleshko and Maisky, 1993), and primate (see, e.g., Darian-Smith et al, 1990;Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1990;Tian and Lynch, 1997;Parent et al, 1999).…”

Section: Methodological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Double retrograde tracer study of the corticostriatal projections to the cat caudate nucleus

Rosell

Giménez‐Amaya

2001

Synapse

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Section: Methodological Considerationssupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Cortical Organization Of the Corticocaudate Projections In Tmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Methodological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Double retrograde tracer study of the corticostriatal projections to the cat caudate nucleus

Rosell

Giménez‐Amaya

2001

Synapse

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“…While the dorsal striatum receives considerable neuronal input from cortical motor regions (Kunzle 1975(Kunzle , 1977Crutcher and DeLong 1984;Alexander and DeLong 1985;McGeorge and Faull 1989;Carelli and West 1991), it is possible that there is crosstalk between the dorsal and ventral regions of the striatum. The ventral region also receives cortical motor inputs (McGeorge and Faull 1989) together with modulatory dopaminergic input from both the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area (Beckstead et al 1979;Hontanilla et al 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Muscle Tone Are Regulated by D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptors in the Ventral Striatum and D1 Receptors in the Substantia Nigra

Hemsley

Crocker

2001

Neuropsychopharmacology

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Muscle rigidity associated with antipsychotic drug treatment is believed to result from reduced striatal dopamine neurotransmission. In the current study the regulatory roles of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor subfamilies in the dorsal (DSTR) and ventral striatum (VSTR) and substantia nigra (SN) were investigated on muscle tone, assessed as increases in tonic electromyographic (EMG) activity. Rats were injected with the irreversible The use of antipsychotic drugs to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia can be associated with extrapyramidal side effects, which resemble the symptoms of Parkinson's disease and include increased muscle rigidity in up to 40% of patients (Baldessarini and Tarsy 1980). Further, it has been estimated that up to 30% of patients stop taking their medication because of these motor side effects (Hoge et al. 1990). It is not fully understood why antipsychotic drugs, all antagonists at the dopamine D2 receptor (Creese et al. 1976;Seeman et al. 1976; Peroutka and Snyder 1980) produce motor side effects, although there is some early experimental evidence supporting the view that antagonism of D2 receptors in the striatum is important (Chiodo and Bunney 1983;Creese 1983). Findings from studies in humans using positron emission tomography (PET) have led to the concept that a "threshold" of D2 antagonism by antipsychotic drugs of approximately 70%, exists in the striatum, above which patients experience motor side effects (Farde et al. 1992;Nordstrom et al. 1995). Additional support for the striatal D2 threshold hypothesis has N EUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2001 -VOL . 25 , NO . 4 Dopamine D1 & D2 Receptors Regulate Muscle Tone 515 been provided by studies using experimental animals Ogren et al. 1994;Alcock and Crocker 1999;Hemsley and Crocker 1999a) and other imaging techniques in humans (Scherer et al. 1994). Further, it has been reported that clozapine, which does not produce motor side effects in humans or animals (Claghorn et al. 1987;Casey 1989), occupies sub-threshold levels of D2 receptors in the striatum (Farde et al. 1992;Hemsley and Crocker 1999a) and substantia nigra (Hemsley and Crocker 1999a). The role of dopamine D1 receptors in the production of motor side effects is unclear, and no relationship to D1 receptor occupancy was shown in PET studies (Farde et al. 1992). However, there is evidence that antagonism of D1 receptors may result in motor side effects Sedvall et al. 1995) and elicit such motor behaviors as catalepsy in rats (Ogren and Fuxe 1988). As many commonly used antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, and clozapine, are also potent dopamine D1 antagonists (Hacksell et al. 1995), it would be useful to understand the contribution that antagonism of the D1 receptor subfamily makes to the production of muscle rigidity.Experimental research investigating the mechanisms underlying the motor side effects associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs has been handicapped by the lack of a relevant, objective, and quantifiable endpoint of extrapyramidal side effects ...

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“…However, in Parkinson’s disease models, the neurons of the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra are unaffected 86 . These neurons receive afferent inputs that are similar to those found in the pars compacta 87 , and they also project their efferent axons to targets in the striatum that are similar to those projected to by the pars compacta 88,89 ; thus, these neurons constitute a reserve pool with circuitry parallel to that of the degenerating pars compacta. These neurons are GABAergic 90 , suggesting that they may be preferentially inducible to dopaminergic status in an activity-dependent manner 15 .…”

Section: Potential Clinical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Activity-dependent neurotransmitter respecification

2012

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For many years it has been assumed that the identity of the transmitters expressed by neurons is stable and unchanging. Recent work, however, shows that electrical activity can respecify neurotransmitter expression during development and in the mature nervous system, and an understanding is emerging of the molecular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent transmitter respecification. Changes in postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor expression accompany and match changes in transmitter specification, thus enabling synaptic transmission. The functional roles of neurotransmitter respecification are beginning to be understood and appear to involve homeostatic synaptic regulation, which in turn influences behaviour. Activation of this novel form of plasticity by sensorimotor stimuli may provide clinical benefits.

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A topographic re-evaluation of the nigrostriatal projections to the caudate nucleus in the cat with multiple retrograde tracers

Cited by 18 publications

References 47 publications

Double retrograde tracer study of the corticostriatal projections to the cat caudate nucleus

Double retrograde tracer study of the corticostriatal projections to the cat caudate nucleus

Changes in Muscle Tone Are Regulated by D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptors in the Ventral Striatum and D1 Receptors in the Substantia Nigra

Activity-dependent neurotransmitter respecification

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