A Three-Stage Colonization Model for the Peopling of the Americas

Kitchen, Andrew; Miyamoto, Michael M.; Mulligan, Connie J.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001596

Cited by 190 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The distribution of these haplo- groups are seemingly consistent with either a single major migration from Asia to the New World (28,29,34,(36)(37)(38) or multiple migrations from one genetically homogenous source population somewhere in northeast to east Asia (33,39,40). Ancient DNA markers from human skeletons also show North American haplotypes of Asia origin (30,31) …”

Section: Genetic Signaturesmentioning

confidence: 78%

Probing deeper into first American studies

Dillehay

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

136

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The initial peopling of the Americas has proved one of the most challenging episodes in reconstructing global prehistory, challenging because researchers struggle with the vagaries of early archaeological site preservation, and debates continue over the date and place of human entry, the rapidity and direction of dispersion, and the variety of cultural responses to climatic change during the terminal Pleistocene period. Despite many recent advances in our understanding of these issues, especially in the areas of genetics and new archaeological discoveries, the field continues facing limitations in the sampling and quality of data, the research problems defined, and the epistemologies and theories applied. Theoretical development of first American studies has been uneven, and its contribution to global issues of early human migration has been restricted. This essay discusses what is known and not known about the process of the first peopling of the Americas from the perspective of archaeology, genetics, and bioanthropology. Some approaches to fill voids in data, methods, and the broader conceptualization of the process also are considered.

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Section: Genetic Signaturesmentioning

confidence: 78%

Probing deeper into first American studies

Dillehay

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

136

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“…BSPs used the Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano substitution model with heterogeneity allowed among sites according to a Γ distribution together with a lognormal molecular clock model (Drummond et al 2006;Kitchen et al 2008;Soares et al 2011). Piecewise linear reconstructions with five change points were started with an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean tree.…”

Section: Bspsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change Influenced Female Population Sizes Through Time Across the Indonesian Archipelago

et al. 2013

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Lying at the crossroads of Asia and the Pacific world, the Indonesian archipelago hosts one of the world's richest accumulations of cultural, linguistic, and genetic variation. While the role of human migration into and around the archipelago is now known in some detail, other aspects of Indonesia's complex history are less understood. Here, we focus on population size changes from the first settlement of Indonesia nearly 50 kya up to the historic era. We reconstructed the past effective population sizes of Indonesian women using mitochondrial DNA sequences from 2,104 individuals in 55 village communities on four islands spanning the Indonesian archipelago (Bali, Flores, Sumba, and Timor). We found little evidence for large fluctuations in effective population size. Most communities grew slowly during the late Pleistocene, peaked 15-20 kya, and subsequently declined slowly into the Holocene. This unexpected pattern may reflect population declines caused by the flooding of lowland hunter/gatherer habitat during sea-level rises following the last glacial maximum. Keywords Indonesia, Mitochondrial Dna, Bayesian Skyline PlotThis open access article is available in Human Biology: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/6 Abstract Lying at the crossroads of Asia and the Pacific world, the Indonesian archipelago hosts one of the world's richest accumulations of cultural, linguistic, and genetic variation. While the role of human migration into and around the archipelago is now known in some detail, other aspects of Indonesia's complex history are less understood. Here, we focus on population size changes from the first settlement of Indonesia nearly 50 kya up to the historic era. We reconstructed the past effective population sizes of Indonesian women using mitochondrial DNA sequences from 2,104 individuals in 55 village communities on four islands spanning the Indonesian archipelago (Bali, Flores, Sumba, and Timor). We found little evidence for large fluctuations in effective population size. Most communities grew slowly during the late Pleistocene, peaked 15-20 kya, and subsequently declined slowly into the Holocene. This unexpected pattern may reflect population declines caused by the flooding of lowland hunter/gatherer habitat during sea-level rises following the last glacial maximum.The prehistory of Island Southeast Asia is made especially complex by its position as a waypoint between mainland Asia, Australia, and the Pacific world. The region's prehistory is dominated by population movements, beginning with its first settlement by modern humans approximately 50 kya and continuing to the Islamization of Indonesia during the historic period. Reflecting the rich cultural and linguistic diversity of Indonesia's inhabitants, these eras have also left their mark on the genetic diversity of the individuals who inhabit Indonesia today (Cox et al.

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“…Initially, the starting population size was set at 10,000. Subsequently, we used starting population sizes of 5,400 and 1,000 based on the estimations of Kitchen et al (21), which they derived from genetic models for Paleoindian founding populations of 15,000 years ago. We began with a taphonomic rate of 1 in 100,000 sites destroyed per year ( ϭ 1/100,000), which Surovell and Brantingham (6) suggest is extremely low.…”

Section: Spatial Distribution Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%