Probing deeper into first American studies

Dillehay, Tom D.

doi:10.1073/pnas.0808424106

Cited by 136 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In contrast, our reconstruction indicates that population densities most likely did not significantly increase until well after the arrival to the New World, suggesting that factors other than access to new territory promoted population growth. Our analysis is therefore consistent with models suggesting an early coastal and riverine spread of the initial settlers, followed by a prolonged period of niche establishment, cultural differentiation, and a later increase in demographic magnitude and complexity (22)(23)(24).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Native Americans experienced a strong population bottleneck coincident with European contact

O’Fallon

Fehren‐Schmitz

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

116

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The genetic and demographic impact of European contact with Native Americans has remained unclear despite recent interest. Whereas archeological and historical records indicate that European contact resulted in widespread mortality from various sources, genetic studies have found little evidence of a recent contraction in Native American population size. In this study we use a large dataset including both ancient and contemporary mitochondrial DNA to construct a high-resolution portrait of the Holocene and late Pleistocene population size of indigenous Americans. Our reconstruction suggests that Native Americans suffered a significant, although transient, contraction in population size some 500 y before the present, during which female effective size was reduced by ∼50%. These results support analyses of historical records indicating that European colonization induced widespread mortality among indigenous Americans.Bayesian analysis | coalescent analysis | population genetics D espite considerable interest from both archaeologists and evolutionary geneticists, the demographic history of indigenous Americans remains contentious. One source of debate concerns the impact of European contact, where archaeological and genetic studies have painted contrasting stories. Both archaeological and historical records indicate that European contact and colonialism initiated a significant reduction in the indigenous population size through warfare, enslavement, societal disruption, and especially widespread epidemic disease (1-3), although the magnitude of population decline remains in dispute (4, 5). However, few genetic analyses have found evidence for a substantial population contraction during this period (but see refs. 6-8), and several recent, relatively large-scale demographic reconstructions have found no signal of a significant decline (9-12). Thus, genetic studies appear at odds with historical evidence, and the demographic impact of European colonization on indigenous Americans has remained unclear.Although historical evidence regarding population size during the 16th century is fragmentary, surviving personal and governmental accounts document substantial, if not catastrophic, declines during the period. For instance, working in Mexico, the Franciscan friar Fray Toribio de Benavente wrote that "At this time [Mexico] was extremely full of people, and when the smallpox began to attack the Indians it became so great a pestilence among them. . . that in most provinces more than half the population died." (13) Governmental taxation and tribute records have allowed for a more quantitative accounting in some areas. For instance, taxation records for 24 districts of Peru suggest that the taxable population size decreased by about 30% (from 466,748 to 324,895) between 1573 and 1602, although the region had previously endured two smallpox epidemics during 1546 and 1558 (3). Nonetheless, although historical records provide insights into demographic processes in specific regions, the overall extent of population decline remai...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Native Americans experienced a strong population bottleneck coincident with European contact

O’Fallon

Fehren‐Schmitz

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

116

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“…The oldest reported site in northern North America, Swan Point in Alaska (Holmes and Crass 2003), is approximately 14,000 years old, coeval with the Monte Verde site in South America (Dillehay 1997). It is worth noting that a number of early sites (e.g., more than 12,000 years ago; Taima-Taima, Pedra Furada, Santana do Riacho, Lapa do Boquete, among others) have been reported in South America (Dillehay 1997(Dillehay , 2009Goebel et al 2008). These sites are often dismissed by most North America archeologists but not by European colleagues.…”

Section: Archeologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The early Swan Point site is located in the far northwest (central Alaska) while the somewhat later Clovis sites are located south of the southern extent of LGM ice. However, the archeological sites of Meadowcroft Rock shelter in Pennsylvania (Adovasio and Pedler 2004) (Goodyear 2005) may be nearly contemporaneous in time (or predate) Swan Point (reviewed in Goebel et al 2008;Dillehay 2009 and references therein). In addition, more equivocal and controversial sites such as Hebior and Schaefer (Joyce 2006) also appear to predate Swan Point and are located at the southern margin of the Laurentide ice sheet in the interior of the continent.…”

Section: Archeologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such comprehensive and detailed reviews from several perspectives are already available (Goebel et al 2008;Meltzer 2009;Dillehay 2009;Madsen 2004;Dixon 2001;O'Rourke and Raff 2010;Kemp and Schurr 2010;Achilli et al 2008;Tamm et al 2007;Yang et al 2010;Marshall et al 2002;Alfimov and Berman 2001;Siddall et al 2008). Nor will I review the substantial literature on morphological variation in prehistoric America that bears on the issue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contradictions and Concordances in American Colonization Models

O’Rourke

2011

Evo Edu Outreach

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The traditional view of American colonization during the late Pleistocene has largely been conditioned on early conceptions of the timing and extent of continental glaciations and the age and distribution of archeological sites. A review of newer, high resolution genetic data, both from modern populations and ancient DNA samples, along with the emergence of several early archeological sites in both North and South America, and reconsiderations of the glacial dynamics in North America indicate that some aspects of the traditional view need reconsideration. It seems obvious from archeological data that a preglacial occupation of the Americas needs to be closely examined. Accumulating molecular genetic data raises new questions about the timing and population size of the initial colonization(s), while a closer examination of glacial models suggests that a number of routes into the Americas may have been available until fairly late in the last glacial cycle.

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“…These changes are expected to result in numerous climate-vegetationdisturbance changes with complex and incompletely understood interactions (Grulke 2008;Running 2008) including increased tree mortality ( The activities of man are strongly tied to regional climatology. Throughout the development of civilization, the people inhabiting the land have responded to climate-vegetation shifts by changing land practices and migrating as productivity and disturbance patterns changed (Carto and others 2009;Dillehay 2009;Gupta and others 2006;Tipping and others 2008). Evidence suggests that human activities have strongly influenced vegetation (Anderson 2005;Betancourt and Van Devender 1981;Bond and others 2005;Moore 1972;Stewart 1956Stewart , 1982Vale 2002) and likely climate (Ruddiman 2003(Ruddiman , 2007, and populations and burning practices have ebbed and flowed (Carcaillet andothers 2002, Nevle andBird 2008;Ruddiman 2003Ruddiman , 2007; Ruddiman and Ellis 2009) over the millennia.…”

Section: Total Fuel Consumption (Tfc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on cultural resources and archaeology

Ryan¹,

Jones²,

Koerner³

et al. 2012

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This state-of-knowledge review provides a synthesis of the effects of fire on cultural resources, which can be used by fire managers, cultural resource (CR) specialists, and archaeologists to more effectively manage wildland vegetation, fuels, and fire. The goal of the volume is twofold: (1) to provide cultural resource/archaeological professionals and policy makers with a primer on fuels, fire behavior, and fire effects to enable them to work more effectively with the fire management community to protect resources during fuels treatment and restoration projects and wildfire suppression activities; and (2) to provide fire and land management professionals and policy makers with a greater understanding of the value of cultural resource protection and the methods available to evaluate and mitigate risks to CR. The synthesis provides a conceptual fire effects framework for planning, managing, and modeling fire effects (chapter1) and a primer on fire and fuel processes and fire effects prediction modeling (chapter 2). A synthesis of the effects of fire on various cultural resource materials is provided for ceramics (chapter 3), lithics (chapter 4), rock art (chapter 5), historic-period artifacts/materials (chapter 6), and below-ground features (chapter 7). Chapter 8 discusses the importance of cultural landscapes to indigenous peoples and emphasizes the need to actively involve native people in the development of collaborative management plans. The use and practical implications of this synthesis are the subject of the final chapter (chapter 9).Keywords: cultural resources, heritage resources, archaeology, fire regime, fire environment, fuels management, fire management, fire planning, wildfire, prescribed fire, First-Order fire effects, Second-Order fire effects, Third-Order fire effects, Burned Area Emergency Rehabilitation (BAER), fire severity, traditional cultural knowledge (TKE), cultural landscapesTo order, check any box or boxes below, fill in the address form, and send to the mailing address listed below. Or send your order and your address in mailing label form to one of the other listed media.RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 1. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on fauna. Send to: ________________________________________________________________________________ Name RMRS-GTR ________________________________________________________________________________ AddressYou may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media. Please specify the publication title and number. Publishing ServicesTelephone ( Summary ____________________________________Cultural resources refer to the physical evidence of human occupations that cultural resource specialists and archaeologists use to reconstruct the past. This includes the objects, locations, and landscapes that play a significant role in the history or cultural traditions of a group of people. Cultural resources include artifacts of historical significance left by prehistoric aboriginal p...

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Probing deeper into first American studies

Cited by 136 publications

References 42 publications

Native Americans experienced a strong population bottleneck coincident with European contact

Native Americans experienced a strong population bottleneck coincident with European contact

Contradictions and Concordances in American Colonization Models

Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on cultural resources and archaeology

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