“…Ice rubble can be defined as an "ice ridge" in lakes, seas, and oceans and an "ice jam" in rivers [1]; it could pose as a potential threat to bridge piers, lighthouses, pipelines, offshore wind turbines, and navigation system [2][3][4]. As ice blocks pile up in a relatively static state in the cold air and supercooling water, the interstitial water between the blocks can freeze and form a solid ice crust [5,6], which can consolidate the loose ice blocks, resist their relative movement, and alter the global mechanical performance of the ice rubble. The evaluation of the mechanical properties of ice rubble, whether consolidated or not, is a crucial problem that has attracted considerable attention.…”