A three dimensional in vivo model of breast cancer using a thermosensitive chitosan‐based hydrogel and 4 T1 cell line in Balb/c

Abstract

The two‐dimensional (2D) models of breast cancer still exhibit a limited success. Whereas, three‐dimensional (3D) models provide more similar conditions to the tumor for growth of cancer cells. In this regard, a 3D in vivo model of breast cancer using 4 T1 cells and chitosan‐based thermosensitive hydrogel were designed. Chitosan/β‐glycerol phosphate hydrogel (Ch/β‐GP) was prepared with a final ratio of 2% and 10%. The hydrogel properties were examined by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, MTT assay, pH, scanning electron microscopy, and biodegradability assay. 3D model of breast cancer was induced by injection of 1 × 106 4 T1 cells in 100 μl hydrogel and 2D model by injection of 1 × 106 4 T1 cells in 100 μl phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) subcutaneously. After 3 weeks, induced tumors were evaluated by size and weight determination, ultrasound, hematoxylin‐ and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining and evaluating of cancer stem cells with CD44 and CD24 markers. The results showed that hydrogel with physiological pH had no cytotoxicity. In 3D model, tumor size and weight increased significantly (p ≤ .001) in comparison with 2D model. Histological and ultrasound analysis showed that 3D tumor model was more similar to breast cancer. Expression of CD44 and CD24 markers in the 3D model was more than 2D model (p ≤ .001). This 3D in vivo model of breast cancer mimicked native tumor and showed malignant tissue properties. Therefore, the use of such models can be effective in various cancer studies, especially in the field of cancer stem cells.

Cell loaded hydrogel containing Ag‐doped bioactive glass–ceramic nanoparticles as skin substitute: Antibacterial properties, immune response, and scarless cutaneous wound regeneration

“…A microtome was used to cut 5 μm thick sections, which were stained with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) or Masson's trichrome (MT). 60 , 61 Epithelialization, collagen synthesis, and neo‐angiogenesis were observed using an optical light microscope (Olympus BX51; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a digital camera. The images were interpreted by an independent histopathologist.…”

“…The skin tissue from each mouse was harvested, fixed in 10% buffered formalin (pH 7.26) for 48 h, and processed for light microscopy. A microtome was used to cut 5 μm thick sections, which were stained with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) or Masson's trichrome (MT) 60,61. Epithelialization, collagen synthesis, and neo-angiogenesis were observed using an optical light microscope (Olympus BX51; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a digital camera.…”

Monitor Tumor pHe and Response Longitudinally during Treatment Using CEST MRI-Detectable Alginate Microbeads

“…Histological sections with a 16 μm thickness were obtained using a cryostat and directly mounted onto microscopic slides. Histological analysis was performed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining according to the standard protocols. , …”

“…Histological analysis was performed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining according to the standard protocols. 54,55 ■ RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Design and Preparation of Iop-Lipobeads Using Customized Microfluidic Device. To maintain a sustainable CEST contrast, iopamidol was first encapsulated in liposomes with 73 mol % of cholesterol.…”

Using Chitosan or Chitosan Derivatives in Cancer Therapy

“…Chitosan-based hydrogel unveils a new area in cancer therapy. Hydrogel-based formulations enhanced the antitumor activity of well-known anticancer drugs, improving bioavailability and biocompatibility, eliciting an immune response, and, more importantly, the antibacterial activity of chitosan could offer an extra advantage in the prevention of secondary infections in cancer patients [126][127][128][129][130][131].…”