A theory of change for community interventions to prevent domestic violence against women and girls in Mumbai, India

Daruwalla, Nayreen; Jaswal, Surinder; Fernandes, Prakash; Pinto, Preethi; Hate, Ketaki; Ambavkar, Gauri; Kakad, Bhaskar; Gram, Lu; Osrin, David

doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15128.2

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…A study on participatory theater identifies that theater not only connects people with emotions and promoting awareness, but it also raises communal knowledge, to ward off discriminatory practices arising from prevailing norms ( Daruwalla et al, 2019 ). The theoretical concept of increased ability developed by this study indicates that information and knowledge gained through active engagements provide greater learning, motivating individuals to challenge and intervene and to bring about change also for others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Forum Theater Help Reduce Gender Inequalities and Violence? Findings From Nepal

Dahal

Joshi

Swahnberg

2021

J Interpers Violence

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Gender inequality and violence against women are present in every society and culture around the world. The intensities vary, however, based on the local guiding norms and established belief systems. The society of Nepal is centered on traditional belief systems of gender roles and responsibilities, providing greater male supremacy and subordination for the females. This has led to the development and extensive practices of social gender hierarchal systems, producing several inequalities and violence toward women. This study has utilized Forum Theater interventions as a method of raising awareness in 10 villages in eastern Nepal. The study aimed to understand the perception and changes in the community and individuals from the interactive Forum Theater performances on pertinent local gender issues. We conducted 6 focus group discussions and 30 individual interviews with male and female participants exposed to the interventions. The data analysis utilized the constructivist grounded theory methodology. The study finds that exposure and interactive participation in the Forum Theater provide the audience with knowledge, develop empathy toward the victim, and motivate them to change the situation of inequality, abuse, and violence using dialogues and negotiations. The study describes how participation in Forum Theater has increased individual’s ability for negotiating changes. The engagement by the audience in community discussions and replication of efforts in one of the intervention sites show the level of preparedness and ownership among the targeted communities. The study shows the methodological aspects of the planning and performance of the Forum Theater and recommends further exploration of the use of Forum Theater in raising awareness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Forum Theater Help Reduce Gender Inequalities and Violence? Findings From Nepal

Dahal

Joshi

Swahnberg

2021

J Interpers Violence

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“…Our project was implemented in the Angul district of Odisha, India, where a majority of the residents (83%) live in rural areas and are Hindu (94%) [ 31 ]. According to recent estimates, 30% of women in India reported having experienced multiple forms of violence within the past year [ 4 - 7 , 9 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indian women have reported experiencing physical violence, psychological abuse, or multiple forms of violence [ 4 - 8 ]. Interventions typically focus on periurban and urban localities despite the higher prevalence of VAW in rural areas [ 9 - 12 ]. For instance, television-based interventions such as the Bell Bajao Campaign have been effective in raising bystander awareness to counter VAW in urban locales [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Bystander Self-efficacy to Prevent Violence Against Women Through Interpersonal Communication Using Mobile Phone Entertainment Education: Randomized Controlled Trial

Pant¹,

Kang²,

Rimal³

2023

JMIR Form Res

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Background Violence against women is a major challenge worldwide and in India. Patriarchal social and gender norms suppress disclosure of violence experienced by women. Stimulating interpersonal communication about a normatively stigmatized but prevalent topic could offer an avenue toward boosting bystander self-efficacy to intervene and prevent violence against women. Objective In this study, to reduce violence against women as the distal goal, we adopted a two-pronged strategy grounded in Carey’s model of communication, approaching the issue in an incremental way. First, we aimed to explore whether the intervention promoted interpersonal communication about violence against women as an initial step. Second, we examined whether the intervention improved women’s self-efficacy to intervene when they witness violence in their community through interpersonal communication. Our model is based on the social cognitive theory that posits observational learning (ie, hearing about other women interfering to stop violence) fosters self-efficacy, a proxy for behavior change. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial of women of reproductive age using a 2-arm study design embedded within a parent trial implemented in Odisha, India. In total, 411 participants were randomly assigned to the violence against women intervention arm or a control arm if they were active mobile phone owners and assigned to the treatment arm of the parent trial. Participants received 13 entertainment education episodes daily as phone calls. The intervention included program-driven, audience-driven, and responsive interaction strategies to facilitate the active engagement of participants. Audience-driven interactions were incorporated throughout the episodes using an interactive voice response system, which allowed participants to like or replay individual episodes through voice-recognition or touch-tone keypad. Our primary analysis involved a structural equation model with interpersonal communication as a potential mediator on the pathway between intervention exposure and bystander self-efficacy to prevent violence against women. Results The findings from structural equation modeling demonstrated the significant mediating effect of interpersonal communication on the relationship between program exposure and bystander self-efficacy. Exposure was positively related to interpersonal communication (β=.21, SE=.05; z=4.31; P<.001) and bystander self-efficacy (β=.19, SE=.05; z=3.82; P<.001). Conclusions Our results demonstrate participant engagement in interpersonal communication following exposure to a “light” entertainment education program with audio-only format via feature phones in rural settings can result in improved self-efficacy to prevent violence against women. This elevates the role of interpersonal communication as a mechanism of behavior change in mobile phone–based interventions, given that most entertainment education interventions tend to be mass media based. Our findings also show the potential of changing the environment where witnesses of violence deem it worthy of intervention and perceive higher efficacy to stop violence in the community, rather than putting the onus on the perpetrator, to prevent any counterproductive effects. Trial Registration Clinical Trials Registry-India CTRI/2018/10/016186; https://tinyurl.com/bddp4txc

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“…The TARA trial addresses questions in three broad categories, based on a published theory of change [35]: Effects . Did the intervention work?…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community interventions to prevent violence against women and girls in informal settlements in Mumbai: the SNEHA-TARA pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial

Daruwalla

Machchhar

Pantvaidya

et al. 2019

Trials

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BackgroundIn a cluster randomised controlled trial in Mumbai slums, we will test the effects on the prevalence of violence against women and girls of community mobilisation through groups and individual volunteers. One in three women in India has survived physical or sexual violence, making it a major public health burden. Reviews recommend community mobilisation to address violence, but trial evidence is limited.MethodsGuided by a theory of change, we will compare 24 areas receiving support services, community group, and volunteer activities with 24 areas receiving support services only. These community mobilisation activities will be evaluated through a follow-up survey after 3 years. Primary outcomes will be prevalence in the preceding year of physical or sexual domestic violence, and prevalence of emotional or economic domestic violence, control, or neglect against women 15–49 years old. Secondary outcomes will describe disclosure of violence to support services, community tolerance of violence against women and girls, prevalence of non-partner sexual violence, and mental health and wellbeing. Intermediate theory-based outcomes will include bystander intervention, identification of and support for survivors of violence, changes described in programme participants, and changes in communities.DiscussionSystematic reviews of interventions to prevent violence against women and girls suggest that community mobilisation is a promising population-based intervention. Already implemented in other areas, our intervention has been developed over 16 years of programmatic experience and 2 years of formative research. Backed by public engagement and advocacy, our vision is of a replicable community-led intervention to address the public health burden of violence against women and girls.Trial registrationControlled Trials Registry of India, CTRI/2018/02/012047. Registered on 21 February 2018. ISRCTN, ISRCTN84502355. Registered on 22 February 2018.

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A theory of change for community interventions to prevent domestic violence against women and girls in Mumbai, India

Cited by 18 publications

References 58 publications

Does Forum Theater Help Reduce Gender Inequalities and Violence? Findings From Nepal

Does Forum Theater Help Reduce Gender Inequalities and Violence? Findings From Nepal

Improving Bystander Self-efficacy to Prevent Violence Against Women Through Interpersonal Communication Using Mobile Phone Entertainment Education: Randomized Controlled Trial

Community interventions to prevent violence against women and girls in informal settlements in Mumbai: the SNEHA-TARA pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial

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