Community interventions to prevent violence against women and girls in informal settlements in Mumbai: the SNEHA-TARA pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial

Daruwalla, Nayreen; Machchhar, Unnati; Pantvaidya, Shanti; D’Souza, Vanessa; Gram, Lu; Copas, Andrew; Osrin, David

doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3817-2

Cited by 34 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…We did a cross-sectional survey of women’s experience of violence, collected at the beginning of a cluster randomised controlled trial of community interventions to prevent violence against women and girls (the SNEHA-TARA trial). 43 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of domestic violence against women in informal settlements in Mumbai, India: a cross-sectional survey

et al. 2020

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ObjectivesDomestic violence against women harms individuals, families, communities and society. Perpetrated by intimate partners or other family members, its overlapping forms include physical, sexual and emotional violence, control and neglect. We aimed to describe the prevalence of these forms of violence and their perpetrators in informal settlements in Mumbai.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingTwo large urban informal settlement areas.Participants5122 women aged 18–49 years.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrevalence and perpetrators in the last year of physical, sexual and emotional domestic violence, coercive control and neglect. For each of these forms of violence, responses to questions about individual acts and composite estimates.ResultsIn the last year, 644 (13%) women had experienced physical domestic violence, 188 (4%) sexual violence and 963 (19%) emotional violence. Of ever-married women, 13% had experienced physical or sexual intimate partner violence in the last year. Most physical (87%) and sexual violence (99%) was done by partners, but emotional violence equally involved marital family members. All three forms of violence were more common if women were younger, in the lowest socioeconomic asset quintile or reported disability. 1816 women (35%) had experienced at least one instance of coercive control and 33% said that they were afraid of people in their home. 10% reported domestic neglect of their food, sleep, health or children’s health.ConclusionsDomestic violence against women remains common in urban informal settlements. Physical and sexual violence were perpetrated mainly by intimate partners, but emotional violence was attributed equally to partners and marital family. More than one-third of women described controlling behaviours perpetrated by both intimate partners and marital family members. We emphasise the need to include the spectrum of perpetrators and forms of domestic violence—particularly emotional violence and coercive control—in data gathering.Trial registration numberISRCTN84502355; Pre-results.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of domestic violence against women in informal settlements in Mumbai, India: a cross-sectional survey

et al. 2020

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“…Residents face insecure tenure, limited safe drinking water, sanitation, drainage, and solid waste management, poor internal and approach roads, limited street lighting, and poor quality of shelter [55]. Data for our study come from a survey done before implementing a community-based intervention to address violence against women in informal settlements in Mumbai [56]. The non-government organisation SNEHA (Society for Nutrition, Education and Health Action) has run a program focusing on primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of violence for 20 years.…”

Section: Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic abuse and its associations with symptoms of common mental disorders among women in a cross-sectional survey in informal settlements in Mumbai, India

et al. 2021

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Background Domestic violence takes a range of interconnected forms, of which economic abuse is common, but less studied than others. We examine the prevalence of economic abuse, its determinants, and its association with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Methods Our cross-sectional survey in informal settlement areas in Mumbai, India, asked women aged 18–49 years 15 questions about acquisition, use, and maintenance of economic resources, demographic and socioeconomic factors, and physical, sexual, and emotional violence. We administered the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) scales and asked about suicidal thinking. Determinants of economic abuse and its associations with positive screens for depression and anxiety were explored in univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Results Of 4906 ever-married women respondents, 23% reported at least one form of economic abuse by either an intimate partner or another family member. The commonest were denial of property rights (10%), not being trusted with money (8%), and coercive appropriation of belongings (7%). Economic abuse was more commonly reported by widowed, separated, or divorced women than by married women (aOR 12.4; 95% CI 6.4, 24.1), and when their partners used alcohol or drugs (aOR 1.4; 95% CI 1.2–1.7). Women had greater odds of reporting economic abuse if they had suffered emotional (aOR 6.3; 95% CI 5.0–7.9), physical (aOR 1.9; 95% CI 1.4–2.6), or sexual violence (aOR 5.4; 95% CI 3.6–8.1) in the preceding 12 months. Economic abuse was independently associated with positive screens for moderate-severe depression (aOR 2.6; 95% CI 2.0–3.4), anxiety (aOR 2.7; 95% CI 1.9–3.8), and suicidal ideation (aOR 2.2; 95% CI 1.5–3.1). The odds of anxiety and depression increased with each additional form of economic abuse. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first community-based study in India of the prevalence of economic abuse and its associations with symptoms of common mental disorders. It provides empirical support for the idea that economic abuse is at least as harmful to women’s mental health as physical violence. Surveys should include questions on economic abuse and prevention and intervention strategies need to help survivors to understand its forms.

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“…To address this evidence gap, we evaluated social and psychological readiness for collective action prior to the introduction of a complex community intervention to prevent VAW in Mumbai, India ( Daruwalla, Machchhar, et al, 2019 ). Drawing on theories of participation in collective action for environmental and political causes ( Gram et al, 2019 ), we developed an analytical framework and validated a scale for measuring the social and psychological drivers of collective action to address VAW ( Gram et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social and Psychological Readiness to Take Collective Action Against Violence Against Women: A Mixed Methods Study of Informal Settlements in Mumbai, India

Gram

Chakraborty

Daruwalla

et al. 2020

Violence Against Women

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Past failures to mobilize communities in collective action against violence against women (VAW) have been ascribed to contextual challenges, but researchers have not systematically mapped community capacity for collective action against VAW. We conducted a mixed methods study in Mumbai, India using quantitative data from a household survey ( n = 2,642) and qualitative data from 264 community meetings. We found attitudes supporting gender inequality and violence coexisted with significant enthusiasm and support for collective action against VAW. These findings open up avenues for policymakers to treat communities as less vulnerable and more capable of changing situations and problems that affect them.

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Community interventions to prevent violence against women and girls in informal settlements in Mumbai: the SNEHA-TARA pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial

Cited by 34 publications

References 52 publications

Prevalence of domestic violence against women in informal settlements in Mumbai, India: a cross-sectional survey

Prevalence of domestic violence against women in informal settlements in Mumbai, India: a cross-sectional survey

Economic abuse and its associations with symptoms of common mental disorders among women in a cross-sectional survey in informal settlements in Mumbai, India

Social and Psychological Readiness to Take Collective Action Against Violence Against Women: A Mixed Methods Study of Informal Settlements in Mumbai, India

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