A Theory of Active Sonar Detection

CutFM sonar signal design

“…For example, the formula for v s ðs; gÞ, as given in (3), is also termed as the uncertainty function [14] or as the Doppler autocorrelation function [15]. In this paper, the ambiguity function (AF) is calculated using jv s ðs; gÞj 2 , as it corresponds to the output power of the correlator [16] (or the matched filter). The AF has a number of important properties, among others, the total volume under the normalized magnitude-squared narrowband ambiguity function, is unity [6].…”

“…Another tool based on the ambiguity function is the Q-function that provides a means to estimate the reverberation level of arbitrary signal designs. In [16] it is brought out that if the propagation losses for reverberation and target reflections are identical, then the reverberation level can be calculated by integrating the product of jv s ðs; gÞj 2 and the reverberation distribution function over the range and Doppler. However, under the extended assumption about the reverberation distribution function, namely that all the scatterers are stationary, uniformly distributed over the range and having a constant target strength [2,16], the expected reverberation levels can be calculated via the Q-function, given as [2,18] …”

Sensitivity Analysis of an Estimator-Correlator for the Detection of Spread Targets with Multiple Discrete Highlights

“…The return signal g(t) will be delayed by a factor x = 2R/c so that g(t) = f(t-t). Here R is the distance between the transmitter and reflector, and c is the propagation speed of the signal [25], [26], [27].…”

Signal Processing of Underwater Acoustic Waves

“…In addition to the writings of Woodward (1953), Lerner (1958), and Price and Green (1960) already mentioned, the reader should also refer to a paper by Siebert (1956), a paper by Stewart and Westerfield (1959), and a report by Green (1963 …”