A theoretical model of multiple stigma: ostracized for being an inmate with intellectual disabilities

Abstract

To cite this article: Nicolay Gausel & Mikkel M. Thørrisen (2014) A theoretical model of multiple stigma: ostracized for being an inmate with intellectual disabilities, Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 15:1, 89-95,

Preventing and improving interactions between autistic individuals and the criminal justice system: A roadmap for research

“…Autistic individuals who come into contact with the justice system face the aftermath of these interactions which further magnify the existing challenges autistic individuals face related to employment (Chan et al, 2018;Nicholas et al, 2017;Nicholas et al, 2018;Pillay & Brownlow, 2017;van Schalkwyk & Volkmar, 2017) because they may result in a criminal record further limiting employment opportunities. Interactions with the criminal justice system likely exacerbate existing difficulties participating in the community (Farley et al, 2018;Shea et al, 2019;Tint, Maughan, & Weiss, 2017) since they may compound stigma, especially among individuals with a disability and or racial and ethnic minority status (Gausel & Thørrisen, 2014;Tyler & Brockmann, 2017) or result in trauma or anxiety focused on being in communities (Liem & Kunst, 2013;Semenza & Link, 2019).…”

Employment after incarceration: managing a socially stigmatized identity

“…Certain individuals, including visible minorities and persons with lower education attainment, tend to be overrepresented in the prison population and disproportionately affected by the mix of stigmas and barriers that accompany the formerly incarcerated identity (Raphael, 2011;Trevethan and Rastin, 2004). Formerly incarcerated persons are also more likely to be impacted by multiple stigmas (see Gausel and Thørrisen, 2014) such as that tied to having an incarceration history as well as that of intellectual disability. Gausel and Thørrisen (2014) argue that individuals experiencing multiple stigmas may be more susceptible to ostracism and in turn "negative psychological problems and antisocial responses" (p. 89).…”

“…Formerly incarcerated persons are also more likely to be impacted by multiple stigmas (see Gausel and Thørrisen, 2014) such as that tied to having an incarceration history as well as that of intellectual disability. Gausel and Thørrisen (2014) argue that individuals experiencing multiple stigmas may be more susceptible to ostracism and in turn "negative psychological problems and antisocial responses" (p. 89). The experience of multiple stigmas has also been evidenced in empirical studies.…”

“…Future researchers should conduct longitudinal studies that follow formerly incarcerated individuals for extended periods of time as well as comparative studies that look at the experiences of individuals with a history of incarceration vs those with a criminal record but no experience of incarceration, to understand their experiences of employment re-entry. Such work will help disambiguate the diverse stigmas that shape the re-entry or lived experiences of those with justice involvement vs imprisonment history (for a discussion of the stigma associated with a history of incarceration see Gausel and Thørrisen, 2014;Pager et al, 2009). In addition, future researchers should examine the receptiveness of hiring managers, employers, and other stakeholders toward hiring and continuing the employment of formerly incarcerated individuals or those with criminal records.…”