“…Zupan concluded that operator opportunism and reneging were infrequent, however, and that unforeseen circumstances rather than opportunism were the primary motivation for operator-induced renegotiations. Finally, to test whether advantages possessed by incumbent cable operators allowed them to behave opportunistically at franchise renewal intervals, Zupan (1989b;1989c) compared a sample of 59 cable franchise renewal agreements with 66 concurrent initial franchises. Although only 7 of 3516 cable communities nationwide did not renew contracts with the incumbent supplier, suggesting a lack of bidding parity between incumbents and potential entrants at contract renewal, Zupan found that, out of six franchise terms examined, new and renewal contracts differed significantly only with respect to channel capacity and the price of the leading pay tier of service.…”