A Test for Concentration of Electrolytes in Sweat in Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas Utilizing Pilocarpine by Iontophoresis

Abstract

A method of performing the test for chloride or sodium in the sweat of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas is presented. It utilizes pilocarpine by iontophoresis and has the advantage of being both rapid and painless. Data are presented to show that the method is reliable.

A wearable electrochemical sensor for the real-time measurement of sweat sodium concentration

“…The high SSB sodium concentrations of around 60 mM as observed for the CF subjects in Table 3 is in agreement with the literature, whereby concentrations around a diagnostic threshold of 60 mM are regarded as CF positive. 12 The quality of the SSB data is best for healthy subjects probably due to a higher number of plateau data points as longer trial times are possible. Only 2 of the 4 subjects with CF managed to complete a successful trial, and this trial is considerably shorter than for healthy subjects.…”

“…Clinical interest in sweat electrolyte analysis includes the diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis (CF), indicated by abnormally high sodium levels in sweat. 12 In CF diagnosis, specific sweat electrolyte concentrations (usually Na + or Cl À ) are determined in a technically complex manner (outlined below) that is not in realtime. Because a specific concentration threshold is available and a small number of analyses are needed for confirming CF in each patient, accuracy is of singular importance -already provided by existing methods of analysis.…”

“…Sweat stimulation -Stimulating sweat for subsequent chemical analysis is most commonly performed by methods based on the electrochemical Gibson and Cooke technique from the 1950s. 12 Pilocarpine iontophoresis is based on introducing a cholinergic drug into the skin via an electrical current, thereby stimulating artificial sweating. For non-clinical purposes, exercise like running or cycling generates sweat.…”

A Review of Emerging Tear Proteomics Research on the Ocular Surface in Ocular Allergy

“…Biomarkers are proteomic, genetic or lipidomic characteristics unique to and indicative of a particular biochemical process or pathological pathway [ 13 ]. Clinical implementation of biomarker research has been applied in non-ocular surface disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cystic fibrosis, for the diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression in the past [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Ocular surface protein biomarkers for diseases such as dry eye disease, meibomian-gland dysfunction and keratoconus have already been characterised in recent research, however, have not yet been implemented clinically due to a lack of testing protocols appropriate for commercial laboratory screening [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

“…Research into lipid and gene biomarkers of ocular allergy has been previously limited due to lack of sufficient analytical techniques, however protein biomarkers have emerged as an exciting and promising new field of research in recent years [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Protein biomarkers specifically may be detected using a number of assays such as magnetic bead multiplex, automated electrophoretic technology (AET), mass spectrometry (MS) and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).…”