A Technological Study of the Elamite Polychrome Glazed Bricks at <scp>S</scp>usa, <scp>S</scp>outh‐<scp>W</scp>estern <scp>I</scp>ran

Holakooei, Parviz

doi:10.1111/arcm.12030

Cited by 15 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Twelve glazed bricks from Elam were identified as faience by Caubet using pXRF, with less than 1.7 % alumina and less than 2 % iron oxides, in contrast to bricks from Assyria and Babylon with 12-14 % alumina and 4-7 % iron oxides [23]. However, analysis of other brick bodies from Achaemenid Susa, the historic capital of Elam identified clays in the brick bodies [24,25]. More research is needed to understand the use and cultural implications of faience technology across the Achaemenid empire.…”

Section: Glazed Brick Fragmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, the glazes would become liquid upon firing at lower temperatures and spread between the raised lines which would have remained solid, acting as an enclosure. This technique has been documented at Susa [23,24,25].…”

Section: Glazed Brick Fragmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10). Many other studies analysis of both turquoise and green glaze have found copper as the colorant including Achaemenid Susa [23][24][25], NeoAssyrian Khorsabad [23], Nineveh [27], and Neo-Babylonian Babylon [16].…”

Section: Glazed Brick Fragmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Painted plaster and glazed brick fragments from Achaemenid Pasargadae and Persepolis, Iran

Aloiz¹,

Douglas

Nagel

2016

Herit Sci

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Background: Architectural fragments of decorated walls, floors, and columns excavated by Ernst Herzfeld at the archaeological sites of Persepolis and Pasargadae in Iran are housed in the Freer Study Collection at the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (FSG), Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. Technical studies of these painted earthen plasters and glazed brick fragments were undertaken to enhance our knowledge of materials and technology of Achaemenid Persia between the late sixth and fourth centuries BCE. Initial analysis was done on the surface of the fragments using non-invasive X-ray fluorescence with a portable instrument. Polished crosssections were used to examine the layering stratigraphy of paints and glazes, and to undertake compositional analysis using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.Results: Up to five layers of paint are present on the Pasargadae plaster, constituting the remnants of a geometric design. The plasters were bound with clay tempered with an organic material that has long since degraded, leaving small voids throughout. Pigments identified include Egyptian blue, malachite green, red ocher, and cinnabar red. The floor fragments from Persepolis were finished with a lime plaster and two layers of hematite-rich paint. The brick fragments from Persepolis were found to be composed of high-silica material similar to faience, which were decorated with alkaline glazes, including a yellow glazed colored with lead antimonate, gray glaze colored with magnesium and iron, and green glazed colored with copper. Conclusions:While the exact ages of the finishes are unknown, a similar technology was employed to decorate Achaemenid architecture in its principle Iranian cities. The variety of materials excavated by Herzfeld demonstrates the ability of Achaemenid artisans to work with multiple mediums to create a polychromatic finish including that of glazed tiles, earthen plaster tempered with gravel, earthen plaster tempered with organic matter, colored earths, pigmented paints and lime plasters. The layering of these materials can be seen and analyzed in cross-section although surface deterioration is often quite severe. The analysis of the compositional data on the architectural fragments inform their long-term preservation at the FSG as well as at the sites themselves.

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Section: Glazed Brick Fragmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Glazed Brick Fragmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Painted plaster and glazed brick fragments from Achaemenid Pasargadae and Persepolis, Iran

Aloiz¹,

Douglas

Nagel

2016

Herit Sci

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“…Most of these studies are based on the elemental composition of the glazes and determination of the opacifiers based on the elements of which they are composed. There are also some other attempts based on using methods such as XRD (Tite and Shortland ; Holakooei ) and μ‐Raman (Holakooei ), which are able to determine the mineralogical composition of the opacifiers. Most of the previous literature is based on the fact that these glazes are opacified with only one type of opacifier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Opacifiers In The Glaze Industry Of First Millennium bc Persia: Persepolis And Tepe Rabat

et al. 2016

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This study characterizes the opacifiers and colouring agents used in the glazed bricks of Persepolis\ud (mid-first millennium BC) and the Mannean site of Tepe Rabat in north-western Iran\ud (eighth to seventh centuries BC). Various analytical studies show that lead antimonate and\ud brizziite (NaSbO3) were used as the yellow and white opacifiers in the glazes of Persepolis\ud and Tepe Rabat. Brizziite is shown to be incorporated in the white, green and turquoise glazes,\ud and is also associated with lead antimonate and CaSb2O6 in some yellow and white opacifiers.\ud The simultaneous formation of these opacifiers in one glaze might have been accidental. A\ud possible connection between the Achaemenid glaze industry and the Mannean glaze production\ud at Tepe Rabat is discussed

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“…Despite this fact, the study of firing temperature of the ceramic materials found in Iran, apart from few examples [3][4][5][6], has received less attention. Our knowledge of firing techniques from traditional and ethnological documents in Iran is limited to few medieval Persian treatises [7][8][9] and some recent documents [10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new look at XRD patterns of archaeological ceramic bodies

Holakooei

Tessari

Verde

et al. 2014

J Therm Anal Calorim

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In this paper, the general rules of phase transformations in calcareous clay bodies during firing were used to estimate the equivalent firing temperature (EFT) of seventeenth century polychrome Persian haft rang tiles based on their X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The novelty of this work is, however, that it handles the XRD patterns of archaeological clay bodies with principal component analysis (PCA) in order to have a new look at their firing and thermal behaviour. Statistically handling the XRD patterns, different clusters were discriminated in the clay bodies whose mineralogical composition showed various proportions of amorphous and quartz contents. The results showed interesting trends in the different clusters in terms of the EFT, quartz content, and the density of the bodies. The present work uses PCA for the first time to have a new look at XRD patterns of archaeological clay bodies and, moreover, to interpret the PCA results in order to estimate the EFT of a large number of archaeological clay bodies

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A Technological Study of the Elamite Polychrome Glazed Bricks at Susa, South‐Western Iran

Cited by 15 publications

References 42 publications

Painted plaster and glazed brick fragments from Achaemenid Pasargadae and Persepolis, Iran

Painted plaster and glazed brick fragments from Achaemenid Pasargadae and Persepolis, Iran

Early Opacifiers In The Glaze Industry Of First Millennium bc Persia: Persepolis And Tepe Rabat

A new look at XRD patterns of archaeological ceramic bodies

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