A techno-economic analysis of industrial production of marine microalgae as a source of EPA and DHA-rich raw material for aquafeed: Research challenges and possibilities

Chauton, Matilde Skogen; Reitan, Kjell Inge; Norsker, Niels-Henrik; Tveterås, Ragnar; Kleivdal, Hans

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.10.038

Cited by 248 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Cultivated marine algae can be used directly, as live feed for (larval stages of) bivalves and crustaceans, or indirectly, as food for zooplankton such as rotifers which, in turn, are used to feed crustaceans or small fish larvae (Muller-Feuga 2000;Chauton et al 2014). Besides this, several microalgal species are currently being investigated by the aquaculture industry as fish meal or fish oil replacement in the diet of commercially farmed fish (Kousoulaki et al 2015;Sprague et al 2015;Sørensen et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth phase significantly decreases the DHA-to-EPA ratio in marine microalgae

et al. 2016

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Microalgae are the principal producers of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in marine ecosystems. Algae are used in aquaculture systems as direct or indirect feed for zooplankton, filter-feeding mollusks and larval stages of crustaceans and fish. Therefore, it is necessary to select nutrient-rich strains, with high levels of EPA and/or DHA, preferably during the stage of rapid growth. During the course of algal growth (exponential to stationary phase), many microalgal species accumulate lipids, especially triacylglycerols. However, relatively little is known about the effect of growth phase on LC-PUFA accumulation. In the present study, absolute and relative EPA and DHA levels of seven representative species of marine microalgae were determined during different growth phases in batch culture. Four species (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Thalassiosira weissflogii, Thalassiosira pseudonana and Rhodomonas salina) accumulated fatty acids during growth. In all these species, intracellular EPA levels were higher during the late stationary growth phase than during exponential growth. In contrast, an increase in DHA content was not observed and therefore the DHA-to-EPA ratio was significantly lower in late stationary phase cultures. These results can be used to improve the nutritional value of microalgae cultivated for application in marine aquaculture systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth phase significantly decreases the DHA-to-EPA ratio in marine microalgae

et al. 2016

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“…In this study, EPA and DHA constituted approximately 12-16% of total FAMEs. Since the removal of these polyunsaturated fatty acids from the lipid mixture before conversion to biodiesel also enhances the quality of the resulting fuel, purification of these lipids prior to further processing could be economically feasible (Molina Grima et al, 2003;Chauton et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Marine Microalga, Heterosigma akashiwo, Converts Industrial Waste Gases into Valuable Biomass

et al. 2015

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Heterosigma akashiwo is an excellent candidate for growth on industrial emissions since this alga has the ability to metabolize gaseous nitric oxide (NO) into cellular nitrogen via a novel chimeric protein (NR2-2/2HbN) and also tolerates wide fluctuations in temperature, salinity, and nutrient conditions. Here, we evaluated biomass productivity and composition, photosynthetic efficiency, and expression of NR2-2/2HbN for Heterosigma growing on simulated flue gas containing 12% CO 2 and 150 ppm NO. Biomass productivity of Heterosigma more than doubled in flue gas conditions compared to controls, reflecting a 13-fold increase in carbohydrate and a 2-fold increase in protein productivity. Lipid productivity was not affected by flue gas and the valuable omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, constituted up to 16% of total fatty acid methyl esters. Photochemical measurements indicated that photosynthesis in Heterosigma is not inhibited by high CO 2 and NO concentrations, and increases in individual fatty acids in response to flue gas were driven by photosynthetic requirements. Growth rates and maximum cell densities of Heterosigma grown on simulated flue gas without supplemental nitrogen, along with a significant increase in NR2-2/2HbN transcript abundance in response to flue gas, demonstrated that nitrogen derived from NO gas is biologically available to support enhanced CO 2 fixation. Together, these results illustrate the robustness of this alga for commercial-scale biomass production and bioremediation of industrial emissions.

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“…Pricing of microalgae as source of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids in replacement to fish oil in aquafeeds was studied by Chauton et al (2015), who reported that it is feasible to use microalgae meal in aquafeeds when priced at 2.4 USD kg -1 or 8.0 USD kg -1 of the equivalent amount in EPA and DHA, respectively. Considering the contribution in protein, energy and amino acids in formulations, and using the hedonic model of price prediction, Maisashvili et al (2015) reported that the use of Chlorella pyrenoidosa meal in aquafeeds is feasible when priced at a maximum of 0.64 USD kg -1 for the period studied (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012).…”

Section: Estimation Of Price Range For the Use Csm As Dietary Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pricing of new ingredients should consider not only their biological value, but also the price of ingredients ordinarily used in feed formulation for animal nutrition (Chauton et al, 2015;Maisashvili et al, 2015). The aim of this study was to define the price range to make Chlorella meal viable as a feed ingredient in diets for tilapia based on digestibility data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digestibility and pricing of Chlorella sorokiniana meal for use in tilapia feeds

Barone

Sonoda

Lorenz

et al. 2018

Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.)

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Several microalgae contain in excess of 50 % crude protein with amino acid profile comparable to that of fish meal. In addition, high polyunsaturated fatty acid contents encourage their use in animal feeding and nutrition, particularly in the formulation and processing of aquafeeds. This study aims at estimating the feasibility of Chlorella meal as feed ingredient for the feeding and nutrition of farmed tilapia based upon digestibility data. Juvenile tilapia were stocked in conical-bottomed tanks (200 L) with superficial, continuous water flow, and fed to apparent satiation in three daily meals with a reference diet and a test diet containing 30 % lyophilized Chlorella sorokiniana added of an inert marker. Feces were collected overnight by sedimentation in refrigerated, plastic containers coupled to the tanks and analyzed for determination of chemical composition and inert marker contents to estimate apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein and energy of Chlorella meal; registered ADCs of Chlorella meal were 90.5 and 84.22, respectively. A pricing model considering the quantity of digestible nutrient was proposed based on ADCs of Chlorella and compared with the price of fishmeal (FM) and soybean meal (SBM). The indicative prices to elicit the use of Chlorella as a protein source rather than FM or SBM for the feed and nutrition of tilapia were 2.65 USD kg -1 and 0.66 USD kg -1 , respectively.

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A techno-economic analysis of industrial production of marine microalgae as a source of EPA and DHA-rich raw material for aquafeed: Research challenges and possibilities

Cited by 248 publications

References 93 publications

Growth phase significantly decreases the DHA-to-EPA ratio in marine microalgae

Growth phase significantly decreases the DHA-to-EPA ratio in marine microalgae

The Marine Microalga, Heterosigma akashiwo, Converts Industrial Waste Gases into Valuable Biomass

Digestibility and pricing of Chlorella sorokiniana meal for use in tilapia feeds

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