A technique for testing the piezoelectric properties of crystals

Iitaka, Y.

doi:10.1107/s0365110x53001812

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Three crystalline modifications are known: a-, B-, and y-glycine [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36].…”

Section: Monoaminomonocarboxylic Acids Glycine (Aminoacetic Acid)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fischer described {3 -glycine in 1905;in 1931 Bernal [23] determined the space group and cell parameters, but the space group subsequently found by Ksanda [31] and Iitaka [32] was different. litaka [33] performed a full structural study of {3 -glycine in 1961; the space group was found as P2!, the cell parameters being a = 5.0774 A;b=6.2676 A; c=5.379g A; {3 =113"12'; Z=2.…”

Section: Monoaminomonocarboxylic Acids Glycine (Aminoacetic Acid)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Molecular Structure of Amino Acids

Gurskaya

1995

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“…Three crystalline modifications are known: a-, B-, and y-glycine [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36].…”

Section: Monoaminomonocarboxylic Acids Glycine (Aminoacetic Acid)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Monoaminomonocarboxylic Acids Glycine (Aminoacetic Acid)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Molecular Structure of Amino Acids

Gurskaya

1995

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“…Of the three standard polymorphs, γ-glycine was the last to be discovered (Iitaka 1953). This species turned out to be trigonal and strongly piezoelectric (Iitaka 1958(Iitaka , 1961Ashok Kumar et al 2011).…”

Section: Glycinementioning

confidence: 90%

Amino Acid Structures

Fleck

Petrosyan

2014

Salts of Amino Acids

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Although this book deals with salts of amino acids, this chapter discusses the structures of pristine amino acids, since these molecular structures are also found in salts, and factors as solubility and conditions of crystal growth are important for the synthesis of amino acid salts as well as the pure form. In this context, the impact of minimal changes in conditions (such as impurities) on the growth of amino acid crystals is noted. The structural variation is very high, as not only amino acids differ from each other, but many amino acids exist in more than one form. This refers to the fact that enantiopure crystals can be grown as well as racemates (so-called DL-amino acids). Moreover, often more than one hydration state is found: Anhydrous forms are common, but many amino acids form hydrated crystals. For some amino acids (e.g., glycine, proline, methionine), more than one polymorph of the same hydration state is found. Some of these polymorphs form at ambient condition, often due to minuscule changes in conditions. For others, variation in temperature and pressure has been found to be the cause of the formation of different polymorphs. High-pressure data are available for some amino acids (e.g., alanine, serine, cysteine). Most amino acids are found to form a so-called head-to-tail motif, where acid and amino groups connect to form infinite chains. In some of the larger, nonpolar amino acids, a bilayer pattern is found, where polar groups of opposing molecules face each other, forming a layer, with the hydrophobic side chain facing outward (this motif is found in phenylalanine, methionine, leucine, or isoleucine). Not all amino acids crystallize readily, as is proved by the crystal structure of L-arginine, which could be determined only very recently, and that of lysine, which could not be solved at all to date. In addition to the standard 20, some nonstandard amino acids are discussed. Finally, notes on remarkable physical effects (such as piezoelectric data) or possible applications (as for instance the interactions of amino acids with carbon nanotubes) are presented.

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Piezoelectricity Effect Detector

Grochowski

Stasicki

1974

Cryst Res and Technol

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An apparatus for the detection of the piezoelectricity effect in non-conducting crystals is described. It is possible t o mark the crystal resonance frequency and show the resonance curve on the oscilloscope, both with or without mechanical contact between the crystal and electrodes. For the urotropine crystals the section of the surface of the longitudinal piezoelectric effect with ( 1 10) plane was determined without mechanical contact.OIlHCaH ApparatusThe detection of low piezoelectric effects in crystals is important from the crystallographic point of view, and was studied by many authors with various methods, and using the apparats varying in construction. The constructions described in literature may be divided into three groups : 1) apparatuses based on Giebe-Scheibe method-GIEBE, SCHEIBE (1925) ; SCHEIBE ; PEPINSKY ; PERDOK (1948) ; PERDOK (1949) ; JAROSLAWSKIJ ; HA", 2) transmission type piezoelectric detectors based on. modified Cady principles 3) apparatuses working on Bergman's method (detection of the direct piezoelecAn apparatus (second group type) for detection of piezoelectricity in monocrystals, enabling direct observation of its anisotropy, was constructed in the Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics Laboratory of Jagiellonian University and Applied Physics Laboratory of Strata Mechanics Research Establishment, Polish Academy of Sciences.of the measurements -SRIVASTAVA; BLUME ; AHARONI, tric effect) -YOICHI IITAKA; REZ; BERGMAN.The block diagram of this apparatus is shown on Figure 1.The power supply -1 provides the AC and DC to all the blocks, and 50 CIS voltage signal which synchronizes the saw-pulse generator -3 through the pin pulse generator -2. This saw generator -3 controls the HF modulator -4 which is connected with the HF generator -7. The HF generator -7 provides a HF voltage modulated on frequency by the saw pulses. This voltage, shown by meter -8 is

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A technique for testing the piezoelectric properties of crystals

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

The Molecular Structure of Amino Acids

The Molecular Structure of Amino Acids

Amino Acid Structures

Piezoelectricity Effect Detector

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