“…In addition, because of low K 1 and ultrahigh NA, the simplified thin mask mode become inaccurate for lithography performance analysis [4][5][6] . The mechanism, such as large incident angle, film coatings and lens material intrinsic birefringence could induce the PA, making adverse effect on image performance [7][8] . Several representations of PA have been proposed, such as Jones pupil, physical pupil, Mueller pupil ,Pauli pupil and 3D PA [9][10][11][12][13][14] .…”