A Technique for Assessing Map Relief Legibility

Potash, Lawrence M.; Farrell, J. P.; Jeffrey, T. S.

doi:10.1179/caj.1978.15.1.28

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The last finding is particularly interesting given that hypsometric tinting represents absolute elevation directly. Potash, Farrell, and Jeffrey (1978) found that hypsometric tinting aided map interpretation when paired with contour lines, but shaded relief augmentations tended to decrease accuracy rates. Early studies of digital representations of hypsometric tinting and contour lines showed that hypsometric images led to improved performance on visualization-and search-related tasks but to equal performance on tasks involving judgements of absolute height (Phillips and Noyes 1978).…”

Section: Traditional Cartographic Methods Of Representing Reliefmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The precision of the metric record varies based on the precision of the initial elevation record and the contour interval, among other factors. Experienced users can readily interpret such maps (Pick and others 1995), although novices can have great difficulty with their interpretation and use (Griffin and Lock 1979;Montello, Sullivan, and Pick 1994;Potash, Farrell, and Jeffrey 1978). Some methods have attempted to combine these two approaches.…”

Section: Traditional Cartographic Methods Of Representing Reliefmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This task was selected based on the primary requirement of the PSSM that it is capable of conveying a sense to the map reader of both elevation changes in the terrain and intelligible information about surface features. The task itself is essentially a digital version of a relief map legibility task developed by Potash, Farrell, and Jeffrey (1978) but updated to include the full profile rather than a generalized version.…”

Section: Profile Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceptually Shaded Slope Maps for the Visualization of Digital Surface Models

Pingel¹,

Clarke²

2014

Cartographica

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Although shaded relief, or hillshaded, images are a widely used method to represent high-resolution (~1-m) digital surfaces derived from airborne laser (or LiDAR) scans, such displays may become difficult to interpret when they include surface features like buildings, roadways, and natural vegetation. One possible alternative as a visualization of such surface models is a representation based on slope shading -the steeper, the darker -but attenuated to the perceptual bias of overestimation of slope. The empirical work presented here demonstrates that Perceptually Shaded Slope Maps (PSSMs) perform as well or better than either hillshaded or hypsometric images on map-reading tasks, including profile estimation and mental rotation. RÉSUMÉBien que le relief par ombres portées (ou images par estompage) soit largement utilisé pour représenter les surfaces numériques à haute résolution (~1 m) dérivées du balayage laser aéroporté ou de la détection et télémétrie par ondes lumineuses (LiDAR), de telles représentations peuvent être difficiles à interpréter lorsqu'elles présentent certains éléments de surface comme des immeubles, des routes et de la végétation. Il existe une solution de rechange pour visualiser ce type de modèles de surface : il s'agit d'une représentation fondée sur l'ombrage des surfaces inclinées -plus elles sont abruptes, plus elles sont foncées -mais limitée au biais perceptuel qui engendre une surestimation des pentes. Les travaux empiriques présentés dans cet article démontrent que les cartes dont les pentes sont ombragées sur le plan perceptuel donnent des résultats aussi bons, voire meilleurs, que les images hypsométriques ou par estompage pour des tâches de lecture de cartes qui comprennent l'estimation du profil et la rotation mentale.

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Section: Traditional Cartographic Methods Of Representing Reliefmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Traditional Cartographic Methods Of Representing Reliefmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Profile Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceptually Shaded Slope Maps for the Visualization of Digital Surface Models

Pingel¹,

Clarke²

2014

Cartographica

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“…Phillips et al 1975;Pingel & Clarke 2014;Potash et al 1978), stereo effects (Rapp et al 2007), color-enhanced contour lines (e.g., Taylor et al 2004) …”

Section: Symbolic Representation Of Topographymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lay of the Land: Sensing and Representing Topography

Newcombe¹,

Weisberg²,

Atit³

et al. 2015

Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communica

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Navigating, and studying spatial navigation, is difficult enough in two dimensions when maps and terrains are flat. Here we consider the capacity for human spatial navigation on sloped terrains, and how sloping terrain is depicted in 2D map representations, called topographic maps. First, we discuss research on how simple slopes are encoded and used for reorientation, and to learn spatial configurations. Next, we describe how slope is represented in topographic maps, and present an assessment (the Topographic Map Assessment), which can be administered to measure topographic map comprehension. Finally, weThe Lay of the Land 2 describe several approaches our lab has taken with the aim of improving topographic map comprehension, including gesture and analogy. The current research reveals a rich and complex picture of topographic map understanding, which likely involves perceptual expertise, strong spatial skills, and inferential logic.There are many ways to navigate the spatial world. In the past decade, we have come to rely on technology to find our destinations, using computers and smart phones to provide step-by-step instructions on the best route, display an overall map, or tell us which way is north (if we choose to ask that question). But humans did not evolve in the technological world, although they eventually created it. Our ancestors used many cues for wayfinding. Some of these systems were part of a common evolutionary heritage, shared with other mammals and also with birds, insects and even with reptiles and amphibians, as would be expected given the importance of successful navigation for survival. But humans' abilities for abstract and symbolic reasoning also supported our species in the invention of complex and culturally communicated systems (Gladwin 1970;Hutchins 1995;Huth 2013), and increasingly, technological tools. Thus, for humans, understanding navigation entails both understanding shared cross-species capacities for navigation, and the uniquely human symbolic additions that augment those capacities.Modern cross-species research on navigation has generally concentrated on two navigation systems, often called the egocentric and allocentric systems (for reviews, see Jacobs & Menzel 2014;Wiener et al. 2011). These systems are distinct, but they can combine and supplement each other in various ways (e.g., Zhao & Warren 2015). Egocentric systems involve our bodily senses and body-centered encoding of spatial location, e.g., the window is behind me. Egocentric coding is useful for wayfinding only if it is updated by information about our movement through space, both in terms of direction (e.g., we know that the window that was behind us is now to our left, after we turn 90 degrees), and distance (e.g., we know that the window is now much further behind us after we walk 100 paces forward). When egocentric systems are updated in this way, they are often called inertial navigation systems, or dead reckoning. Allocentric coding does not depend on the body, but rather uses external landmarks, s...

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“…Thus, the soldier had no control over the view he or she saw and acted only as a passive observer. Upon completing 1 h of terrain visualization practice, soldiers were tested on their ability to interpret contour maps via ARI's Relief Assessment Test (potash, Farrell, & Jeffery, 1978).…”

Section: Army Applications 149 Graphic Capabilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

PLATO: Army applications

Simutis

Barsam

1983

Behav. Res. Meth. Instru.

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The Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences conducts research in support of Army education and training. A review of training research using the PLATO computer system is presented. Research in the areas of curriculum development and evaluation, computer graphics, and game-based learning are discussed, including a description of the capabilities and limitations of the PLATO system as a research tool.

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A Technique for Assessing Map Relief Legibility

Cited by 26 publications

References 2 publications

Perceptually Shaded Slope Maps for the Visualization of Digital Surface Models

Perceptually Shaded Slope Maps for the Visualization of Digital Surface Models

The Lay of the Land: Sensing and Representing Topography

PLATO: Army applications

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