A Tale of Three Cities: Labor Markets and Homicide

Crutchfield, Robert D.; Glusker, Ann; Bridges, George S.

doi:10.1080/00380237.1999.10571124

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…18 Diagnostics using the residuals of neighborhood-level models predicting the two social processes confirmed the presence of spatial dependence, and tests revealed a spatial lag model would be an appropriate method with which to account for this dependence. 19 Table 5 presents coefficients from spatial lag models for both collective efficacy and criminogenic situations of company. The first column of results suggests a positive effect of being proximate to neighborhoods with high levels of collective efficacy on the level of collective efficacy in one's own neighborhood.…”

Section: Spatial Dependence In Collective Efficacy and Criminogenic Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Collective efficacy appears to reduce crime [43,73], while labor instability [18][19][20] and criminogenic situations of company [20] appear to increase crime. Familial instability-in part a consequence of both incarceration [28,66] and labor instability [68]-may also play a mediating role [68].…”

Section: Concentrated Incarceration Instability Social Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At minimum, accounting for spatial dependence addresses the omitted variable problem which exists in models that do not account for existing spatial dependence. 19 These models employ empirical Bayes residuals derived from a multi-level model which includes controls for the various sources of potential response bias at the person-level. Spatial dependence is assessed using a Moran's I test for spatial autocorrelation in residuals from a linear model predicting the empirical Bayes residuals.…”

Section: Spatial Dependence In Collective Efficacy and Criminogenic Smentioning

confidence: 99%

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Instability, informal control, and criminogenic situations: community effects of returning prisoners

Drakulich

Crutchfield

Matsueda

et al. 2012

Crime Law Soc Change

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Incarceration, whose putative goal is the reduction of crime, may at higher concentrations actually increase crime by overwhelming neighborhoods with limited resources. The present research poses and provides initial support for an explanation of this paradoxical consequence of a crime control strategy. Specifically, we draw on two different lines of theoretical work to suggest that large numbers of returning prisoners may negatively impact a community's economic and residential stability, limiting a community's capacity for informal social control and resulting in labor market conditions conducive to criminal behavior. This study combines data on local social organization processes from a large survey of Seattle residents with contextual, crime, and incarceration data from the US Census, Seattle Police Department, and Washington State Department of Corrections. The results suggest that high concentrations of returning prisoners are associated with a reduced capacity for collective efficacy; the fostering of social situations conducive to criminal behavior; and higher levels of violent crime. The impact of incarceration on these neighborhood processes, however, appears to be largely indirect through the turmoil that concentrations of incarceration create in a neighborhood's labor and housing markets. We conclude with a call for greater scrutiny of the goals and actual outcomes of incarceration policy.

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Section: Spatial Dependence In Collective Efficacy and Criminogenic Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Concentrated Incarceration Instability Social Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spatial Dependence In Collective Efficacy and Criminogenic Smentioning

confidence: 99%

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Instability, informal control, and criminogenic situations: community effects of returning prisoners

Drakulich

Crutchfield

Matsueda

et al. 2012

Crime Law Soc Change

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“…While these studies focus on which neighborhood structural characteristics foster higher levels of crime and disorder (Crutchfield 1989;Crutchfield, Glusker, and Bridges 1999;Gyimah-Brempong 2001;Krivo and Peterson 1996;McNulty and Holloway 2000;Peterson, Krivo, and Harris 2000;Roncek 1981;Roncek and Maier 1991), less consideration is given to the proper level of aggregation of these structural characteristics.…”

Section: Neighborhood Structure and Crime And Disorder As A Case In Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Block, Tract, and Levels of Aggregation: Neighborhood Structure and Crime and Disorder as a Case in Point

2007

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focus on how neighborhoods change over time, how that change both affects and is affected by neighborhood crime, and the role networks and institutions play in that change. He approaches these questions using quantitative methods as well as social network analysis.Neighborhood nesting 3 Block. Tract, and Levels of Aggregation: Neighborhood Structure and Crime and Disorder as a Case in Point AbstractThis paper highlights the importance of seriously considering the proper level of aggregation when estimating neighborhood effects. Using a unique non-rural sub-sample from a large national survey (the American Housing Survey) at three time points that allows placing respondents in blocks and census tracts, this study tests the appropriate level of aggregation of the structural characteristics hypothesized to affect block-level perceived crime and disorder. A key finding is that structural characteristics differ in their effects based on the level of aggregation employed. While the effects of racial/ethnic heterogeneity were fairly robust to geographical level of aggregation, the stronger effects when measured at the level of the surrounding census tract suggest more far-flung networks are important for perceived crime and disorder. In contrast, economic resources showed a particularly localized effect only evident when aggregating to the block-level and differed based on the outcome: higher average income reduced disorder, but increased crime, likely by increasing the number of attractive targets. And the presence of broken households had a localized effect for social disorder, but a more diffuse effect for perceived crime. These findings suggest the need to consider the mechanisms involved when aggregating various structural characteristics in neighborhood studies of crime rates, as well as the broader neighborhood effects literature.Neighborhood nesting 1 Block. Tract, and Levels of Aggregation: Neighborhood Structure and Crime and Disorder as a Case in PointConsiderable social science research focuses on how structural characteristics affect various outcomes: indeed, this is arguably a linchpin of sociological scholarship. One form of this research tests whether structural characteristics of neighborhoods affect various aggregate outcomes, such as crime, economic vibrancy, cohesion, or even death from heat waves (Browning, Wallace, Feinberg, and Cagney 2006). Another form of this research employs multilevel models to test whether the structural or cultural characteristics of "neighborhoods" affect various individual-level outcomes such as educational achievement, psychological wellbeing, or residential satisfaction. Despite the variety of research paradigms focusing on the importance of neighborhoods, a commonality of many studies is that less attention is paid to the appropriate level of aggregation for such "neighborhood" effects. As one consequence, whereas a shared knowledge has developed that the size of such neighborhood effects tend to be relatively small compared to individual-level effects (Liska 1990), i...

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“…Attention now turns to the second focus of the present study, the logistic regression analyses of social disorganization measures. Common measures for social disorganization found to be the strongest predictors of crime in the community include residential stability, poverty, family stability, concentrations of young, ethnic/racial heterogeneity, and income/housing values (Almgren, Gues, Immerwahr, & Spittle, 1998;Bursik & Grasmick, 1993;Crutchfield, Glusker, & Bridges, 1999;Jobes, Barclay & Weinand, 2004;Krivo & Petterson, 1996;Messner & Tradiff, 1986;Sampson et al 1997). Each of the above will be specifically measured by the following items available on the United States Census (2000,2010) and ACS (2003ACS ( , 2005ACS ( , 2007ACS ( , 2009ACS ( , 2011 for the respective year as has been done in prior studies examining social disorganization and sex offenses/offenders: % 19 years or younger, % White, % Latino, % Black, % population lived in same house for five years, % graduated high school, % population having obtained a four-year college degree or higher, % unemployed, % of families below poverty line, % of families on government assistance, % female headed households, % homes owner occupied, median household income, and median housing value in Census tract (Mustaine & Tewksbury, 2009;Mustaine, Tewksbury, & Stengel, 2006;Mustaine, Tewksbury, Corzine, & Huff-Corzine, 2014a, 2014bTewksbury & Mustaine, 2006).…”

Section: Description Of the Sample And Sampling Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex offenses at Protestant Christian churches : a typology and examination using social disorganization theory.

Denney

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who have given me numerous opportunities to advance my education.iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Richard Tewksbury for his continued guidance throughout my graduate-level career. He has given me both opportunities and continued guidance when no one else would. I thank him for setting me on a path to continue my passion for lifelong learning. I would also like to thank the other committee members, Dr.

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A Tale of Three Cities: Labor Markets and Homicide

Cited by 33 publications

References 15 publications

Instability, informal control, and criminogenic situations: community effects of returning prisoners

Instability, informal control, and criminogenic situations: community effects of returning prisoners

Block, Tract, and Levels of Aggregation: Neighborhood Structure and Crime and Disorder as a Case in Point

Sex offenses at Protestant Christian churches : a typology and examination using social disorganization theory.

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