A Tactual Form of the Progressive Matrices for Use With Blind Children

Abstract

Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices were adapted to a tactual format, thus making possible the insightful solution of the test items without the use of vision. In order to determine the validity of this test as a measure of intelligence in blind children, tactual Progressive Matrices scores of 115 blind students were correlated with WISC Verbal Scale IQ scores, academic achievement, and chronological age. Subjects ranged from 6 to 15 years of age, and all had a 99 per cent or greater loss of visual efficiency. The tactual test correlated with validity criteria in a positive and significant manner. Kuder‐Richardson reliability of the tactual Progressive Matrices was found to be adequate in children age 9 years and older. It was concluded that this test shows promise as a non‐verbal intelligence test for the child of 9–15 years of age, but that further development is necessary before it can be considered a useful supplement to the standard tests used with the blind.

Are IQ tests enough to measure intelligence in the blind? Brief review of available and potential methods to estimate intelligence in the blind

“…Matrices [Anderson & Beltz, 1964] Consists of a series of haptic tests. Based on the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices [Rich, 1963;Rich & Anderson, 1965]. Constructed of balsa wood and sandpaper [Rich, 1963;Rich & Anderson, 1965].…”

“…Based on the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices [Rich, 1963;Rich & Anderson, 1965]. Constructed of balsa wood and sandpaper [Rich, 1963;Rich & Anderson, 1965]. To reproduce the test items from the visual Raven Test it uses 2-D raised shapes [Rich, 1963;Rich & Anderson, 1965].…”

“…Developed for blind and partially sighted people (from 16 to 64 years old) [Rich, 1963;Rich & Anderson, 1965]. Correlated with WAIS [Rich, 1963;Rich & Anderson, 1965]. Discontinued due to very high costs [Mazella et al, 2014].…”

Psychometric test for blind adults and children, critical issues and perspectives

“…Other tests measuring performance skills without requiring vision, such as the D48 (Pichot, 1968) and Ravens Tactual Progressive Matrices (Rich, Anderson, 1965), have no long been distributed. Nelson, Dias, and Joyce (2002) standardized the Cognitive Test for the Blind that assesses verbal and nonverbal domains.…”

Demographic, etiological, and functional variables related to intelligence in the visually impaired

“…Most studies show the blind to be equal to 'The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Robert Adrian of The Lighthouse, Joseph Kirstein of The Northeastern Rehabilitation Center, Laura Jacobs, and Eldon Munson. or above their sighted counterparts (Dodrill, MacFarlane & Boyd, 1974;Holland, 1936;Levine & Blackburn, 1950;Rich & Anderson, 1968;Smits & Mommers, 1976;Witkin et al, 1971). A few have found the visually impaired to be slightly lower than the general population (Gilbert & Rubin, 1965;Jordan & Felty, 1968;Tillman, 1967).…”