A systematic review on factors affecting the likelihood of change blindness

Gibbs, Rebecca; Davies, Graham; Chou, Shihning

doi:10.1080/23744006.2016.1228799

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The saliency of information differed across conditions and could have affected what pedestrians attended to. In a review of real-life change blindness paradigms, Gibbs, Davies, and Chou (2016) found change detection increased when saliency (the prominence or importance) of the stimulus increased. Wearing clothing that occludes external features and important identifying information such as hair may have resulted in less salient information to attend to.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting changes between two strangers: Insight from a classic change blindness paradigm

Marquis

Sugden

Moulson

2020

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

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The current study aims to investigate what factors influence whether adults detect a change between social partners in a brief interaction. In two experiments, we examined whether locale diversity, a stranger’s marginalized minority status (e.g., minority race, minority religious affiliation), and race congruence (e.g., own or other race) influenced the likelihood of being differentiated. Using a change blindness paradigm, an experimenter approached pedestrians asking for directions, then surreptitiously changed places with a confederate. After the switch, we measured whether pedestrians noticed if the person had changed. In Experiment 1, noticing rates were significantly lower for confederates belonging to a minority race compared to White confederates, but only in the more homogenous location and not in the highly diverse location. In Experiment 2, pedestrians were least likely to detect a change when confederates belonged to a religious minority and a racial minority. We discuss the important implications for prejudicial behaviour and eyewitness identification, as well as the utility of performing psychological research outside of the lab.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting changes between two strangers: Insight from a classic change blindness paradigm

Marquis

Sugden

Moulson

2020

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

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“…On the other hand, studies also diverge on many task parameters. In their review of change blindness, Gibbs et al (2016) suggested that inconclusive findings might be a consequence of different methodologies used. It is therefore imperative that an audit of IB methodologies complements any theoretical investigation of the phenomenon.…”

Section: Task Parameter and Methodological Moderatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although different results may have emerged through these distinct task settings, for example, because of the stronger control over experimental parameters that the latter would afford over the former, this has remained un-investigated as a potential moderator of theoretical effects. Interestingly, Gibbs et al (2016) This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.…”

Section: Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nobre et al (2020) reached a similar conclusion in their meta-analysis that focused on implicit processing during IB. Gibbs et al (2016) presented a systematic review of 13 studies examining the related phenomenon change blindness. They reported several factors that moderated the likelihood of change blindness and raised concerns regarding inconsistent methodologies across studies.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A tale of two theories: A meta-analysis of the attention set and load theories of inattentional blindness.

Hutchinson¹,

Pammer²,

Bandara³

et al. 2022

Psychological Bulletin

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Inattentional blindness (IB), the failure to notice something right in front of you, offers cognitive scientists and practitioners alike a unique means of studying the nature of visual perception. The present meta-analysis sought to provide the first synthesis of the two leading theories of IB—attention set and load theory. We aimed to estimate the magnitude of the effect of each, how they interact, and how task parameters moderate the magnitude of IB summary estimates. We further sought to address several theoretical issues that have persisted within this broad literature. A total of 317 effect sizes from 81 studies that had manipulated attention set or load were synthesized in a multilevel meta-analysis. Results indicated no significant difference between the attention set summary estimate (odds ratio [OR] = 3.26, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] [2.33, 4.57]) and the load summary estimate (OR = 1.75, 95% CI [1.10, 2.79]). Theoretical moderators included a difference between feature attention sets (OR = 5.02, 95% CI [2.95, 8.55]), semantic attention sets (OR = 2.64, 95% CI [1.64, 4.25]), and inherent sets (OR = 1.90, 95% CI [1.35, 2.68]), while perceptual load (OR = 2.55, 95% CI [1.66, 3.92]) and cognitive load (OR = 1.67, 95% CI [1.14, 2.44]) were more comparable. The primary task was found as a key task parameter that moderated summary estimates. The attention set summary estimate was moderated by the number of targets and distractors, whereas the load summary estimate was moderated by the full attention (FA) trial exclusion criterion. Analyses indicated any potential publication bias were overall not likely to impact our conclusions. We discuss the implications of results for a conceptual understanding of IB and how the phenomenon can be more reliably studied in future.

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“…For instance, when counting passes made by a basketball team, many participants fail to notice a man in a gorilla costume (Simons & Chabris, ). Moreover, change blindness paradigms demonstrate that environmental changes, including people, are often missed (e.g., Simons & Levin, ; Smart et al, , for a review, see Gibbs, Davies, & Chou, ). For instance, Smart et al () found that 44.6% of participants failed to notice that a police‐stopped driver was replaced by a second driver after briefly walking off camera.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification from CCTV: Assessing police super‐recogniser ability to spot faces in a crowd and susceptibility to change blindness

Davis

Forrest

Treml

et al. 2018

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Police worldwide regularly review closed-circuit television (CCTV) evidence in investigations. This research found that London police experts who work in a full-time "Super-Recogniser Unit" and front line police identifiers regularly making suspect identifications from CCTV possessed superior unfamiliar face recognition ability and, with higher levels of confidence, outperformed controls at locating actors in a bespoke Spot the Face in a Crowd Test. Police were also less susceptible to change blindness errors and possessed higher levels of conscientiousness and lower levels of neuroticism and openness. Controls who took part in Spot the Face in a Crowd Test actor familiarisation training outperformed untrained controls, suggesting this exercise might enhance identification of persons of interest in real investigations. This research supports an accumulating body of evidence demonstrating that international police forces may benefit from deploying officers with superior face recognition ability to roles such as CCTV review, as these officers may be the most likely to identify persons of interest.

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A systematic review on factors affecting the likelihood of change blindness

Cited by 13 publications

References 38 publications

Detecting changes between two strangers: Insight from a classic change blindness paradigm

Detecting changes between two strangers: Insight from a classic change blindness paradigm

A tale of two theories: A meta-analysis of the attention set and load theories of inattentional blindness.

Identification from CCTV: Assessing police super‐recogniser ability to spot faces in a crowd and susceptibility to change blindness

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