A systematic review of the associations between care home ownership and COVID-19 outbreaks, infections and mortality

Profits, Pandemics, and Lockdown Effectiveness in Nursing Home Networks

“…Nevertheless, current studies suggest that serial testing of residents and staff, especially when community prevalence is high, and workplace management approaches that provide incentives for staff training and retention with access to paid leave provisions are universal effective contagion strategies. Although the focus of our study is more in line with studies in Bach-Mortensen et al (2021) that investigate the effects of nursing home ownership on the pandemic fatalities, our findings and those of the previous contributions could assist social planners in developing effective mitigation strategies against current and future pandemics. Our analysis differs from other studies in providing a micro-founded model to understand how nursing home ownership affects COVID-19 outcomes.…”

“…This result aligns with the simulation results stating that higher lockdown effectiveness exacerbates the death differential between FP and NFP nursing homes. Therefore, lockdown effectiveness plays a crucial role in explaining the FP-vs-NFP COVID-19 death gap documented in the literature (Bach-Mortensen et al, 2021). Our results are robust when controlling for other additional factors; see Table B3 in Appendix B.…”

“…1 Considering these realities, public and scientific discussions have generated interests among researchers and policymakers worldwide, with the goal of dissecting the associations between nursing homes' characteristics and COVID-19 outcomes, including infections and mortality. Addressing these issues is essential in implementing sustainable and resilient strategies for future pandemics since recent forecasts project that the population of nursing homes will rise 1 For additional statistics on nursing homes' characteristics and COVID-19 fatalities, see, e.g., Giri, Chenn, and Romero-Ortuno (2021), Bach-Mortensen, Verboom, Movsisyan, and Degli Esposti (2021), Ioannidis, Axfors, and Contopoulos-Ioannidis (2021), Dykgraaf et al (2021), Akhtar-Danesh et al (2022), and the International Long-Term Care Policy Network report (Comas-Herrera et al, 2020) which provides updated international data on deaths attributed to COVID-19 among people living in care homes at https://ltccovid.org/questions/2-02/. over time.…”

Supporting sustainable long-term residential care in Ireland: a study protocol for the Sustainable Residential Care (SRC) project

“…However, this association was attenuated when other factors (including size, staff shortages and regional spread of COVID-19) were included in the analysis. A later systematic literature review examined the associations between LTRC home ownership and COVID-19 outbreaks, infections and mortality and included 32 studies across five countries ( Bach-Mortensen et al ., 2021 ). The review found that private (for-profit) homes did not consistently have an elevated risk of COVID-19 outbreaks; however, such homes did tend to have higher rates of infections and deaths.…”

“…The review found that private (for-profit) homes did not consistently have an elevated risk of COVID-19 outbreaks; however, such homes did tend to have higher rates of infections and deaths. Seeking to explain this finding, the review found that private (for-profit) ownership was associated with shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) ( Bach-Mortensen et al ., 2021 ). The review concluded that the variation in COVID-19 outcomes was not explained by ownership type alone and that other factors related to staffing, size and resident characteristics are also associated with poorer outcomes.…”