A systematic review of the effects of experimental fasting on cognition☆

Benau, Erik M.; Orloff, NC; Janke, EA; Serpell, Lucy; Timko, C. Alix

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.02.014

Cited by 68 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(161 reference statements)

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“…Previous studies have indicated that hippocampus is one of the brain regions that are more sensitive to the nutritional deficits (Cardoso et al, 2013; Hipolito‐Reis et al, 2013). A number of previous studies suggest that FR (DR/CR) may lead to alterations of hippocampus (Benau et al, 2014; Conrad, 2010), which further contribute to changes of memory (Partadiredja and Bedi, 2011). For example, FR altered hippocampal CB1R expression and function in rats (Talani et al, 2016), and CR enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis and remote contextual fear memory in adult mice (Hornsby et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food restriction affects Y‐maze spatial recognition memory in developing mice

Chen

et al. 2017

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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The ambiguous effects of food restriction (FR) on cognition in rodents have been mostly explored in the aged brain by a variety of paradigms, in which either rewards or punishments are involved. This study aims to examine the effects of chronic and acute FR with varying intensities on spatial recognition memory in developing mice. We have used a Y-maze task that is based on the innate tendency of rodents to explore novel environments. In chronic FR, mice had 70-30% chow of control for seven weeks. In acute FR, mice were food restricted for 12-48h before the tests. We found that chronic FR had no effect on the preference of mice for novelty in the Y-maze, but severe FR (50-30% of control) caused impairment on spatial recognition memory. The impairment significantly correlated with the slow weight growth induced by FR. Acute FR also did not affect the novelty preference of mice, but either improved or impaired the memory retention. These data suggest chronic FR impairs Y-maze spatial recognition memory in developing mice depending on FR intensity and individual tolerability of the FR. Moreover, acute FR exerts diverse effects on the memory, either positive or negative. Our findings have revealed new insights on the effects of FR on spatial recognition memory in developing animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food restriction affects Y‐maze spatial recognition memory in developing mice

Chen

et al. 2017

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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“…Smith and Wilds (2009) showed beneficial effects on mood and memory with a similar cereal bar with half the amount of calories in a sample with similar characteristics. Although it cannot be excluded that effects would have appeared had we administered other kinds of nutriments (for reviews, see Gómez-Pinilla, 2008;Philippou and Constantinou, 2014), the literature is scant regarding how acute manipulations of food affect attention and executive functioning; regarding the effects of fasting, results are also mixed for these cognitive domains (Benau et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute personalized habitual caffeine doses improve attention and have selective effects when considering the fractionation of executive functions

Lanini

Galduróz

Pompéia

2015

Hum. Psychopharmacol Clin Exp

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Caffeine is widely used, often consumed with food, and improves simple and complex/executive attention under fasting conditions. We investigated whether these cognitive effects are observed when personalized habitual doses of caffeine are ingested by caffeine consumers, whether they are influenced by nutriments and if various executive domains are susceptible to improvement. This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled study including 60 young, healthy, rested males randomly assigned to one of four treatments: placebo fasting, caffeine fasting, placebo meal and caffeine meal. Caffeine doses were individualized for each participant based on their self-reported caffeine consumption at the time of testing (morning). The test battery included measures of simple and sustained attention, executive domains (inhibiting, updating, shifting, dual tasking, planning and accessing long-term memory), control measures of subjective alterations, glucose and insulin levels, skin conductance, heart rate and pupil dilation. Regardless of meal intake, acute habitual doses of caffeine decreased fatigue, and improved simple and sustained attention and executive updating. This executive effect was not secondary to the habitual weekly dose consumed, changes in simple and sustained attention, mood, meal ingestion and increases in cognitive effort. We conclude that the morning caffeine "fix" has positive attentional effects and selectively improved executive updating whether or not caffeine is consumed with food.

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“…; Benau et al . ), are at most minimal and should not be a cause for concern. The explanation for the association between breakfast consumption and performance in school probably lies in residual confounding, breakfast being a particularly good marker for a child's home circumstances and perhaps also for their and their caregivers’ aspiration for educational achievement (Rogers ).…”

Section: Missing a Meal Including Missing Breakfastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connecting biology with psychology to make sense of appetite control

et al. 2016

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Eating more than is required to maintain bodyweight is weakly resisted physiologically, as appetite does not closely track body energy balance. What does limit energy intake is the capacity of the gut to accommodate and process what is eaten. As the gut empties, we are ready to eat again. We typically refer to this absence of fullness as 'hunger', but in this state, even when it is prolonged (e.g. by missing one or two meals), our mental and physical performance is not compromised because body energy stores are mobilised to sustain energy supply to our brain and muscles. We illustrate this by discussing research on the effects of missing breakfast. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it appears that missing breakfast leads to a reduction in total daily energy intake and does not impair cognitive function (in adequately nourished individuals). The problem with missing a meal or eating smaller meals, however, is that we miss out on (some of) the pleasure of eating (food reward). In current studies, we are investigating how to offset the reduced reward value of smaller food portions, by, for example, altering flavour intensity, food variety and unit size, in order to maintain overall meal satisfaction and thereby reduce or eliminate subsequent compensatory eating.

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A systematic review of the effects of experimental fasting on cognition☆

Cited by 68 publications

References 57 publications

Food restriction affects Y‐maze spatial recognition memory in developing mice

Food restriction affects Y‐maze spatial recognition memory in developing mice

Acute personalized habitual caffeine doses improve attention and have selective effects when considering the fractionation of executive functions

Connecting biology with psychology to make sense of appetite control

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