A Systematic review of Multi-Mode Fiber based on Dimensional Code in Optical-CDMA

Ghazi, Alaan; Aljunid, S. A.; Idrus, Syed Zulkarnain Syed; Rashidi, C. B. M.; Al-dawoodi, Aras; Mahmood, Baban A.; Fareed, Alaa; Zaenal, Mohammed U.; Qasim, Nameer Hashim; Rafeeq, Ranjdr M.

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1860/1/012016

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The appearance of transmit and receive phase noises make it very difficult to discriminate between them. Giulio et al proposed a digital coherence enhancement (DCE) technique using an interferometric device along with a very simple electronic processing, which significantly reduced the phase noise of transmit or receive lasers [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Comparison of Different Modulation Formats for a 40 Gbps Hybrid Optical CDMA/DWDM System against ISI and FWM

2022

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This paper carries out a numerical simulation investigating three different modulation formats: carrier suppressed return to zero (CSRZ), modified duobinary return to zero (MDRZ) and return to zero (RZ). The purpose of this investigation is to find the optimum modulation format for the hybrid optical code division multiple accesses–dense wavelength division multiplexing (optical CDMA/DWDM) system with the implementation of an electro-optic phase modulator (EOPM) at a data rate of 40 Gbps per channel, with a transmitted power of 22 dBm and transmission distance of 105.075 km. The results revealed that CSRZ was superior to MDRZ and RZ and was more tolerant to optical fiber nonlinearity. Furthermore, unlike the DWDM systems, the performance of the proposed hybrid system based RZ format was better than the performance of MDRZ. Hence, the CSRZ modulation format is the best candidate for the optical CDMA/DWDM with EOPM module due to its high performance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Comparison of Different Modulation Formats for a 40 Gbps Hybrid Optical CDMA/DWDM System against ISI and FWM

2022

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“…Furthermore, the conventional vote has several issues. It is so important to ensure that electronic polls are held [16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework for Blockchain Based E-Voting System for Iraq

Wahab

Ghazi

Al-dawoodi

et al. 2022

Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol.

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Election is a basic democratic tool that offers an official mechanism for the people to express their opinions in order to form a government by democratic means. Electronic voting has evolved into the most significant application of e-governance and e-democracy. Few countries have recently taken the opportunity to test and use electronic voting systems. Also, many countries expect that internet voting will become a reality during the next decade. In the conventional voting system, the electors authenticate themselves by displaying credentials; this move is open to the public and is validated by poll workers. During this authentication, they are manually checked before being eligible to vote. The standard system of voting is more costly and needs more human capital. Because of these factors, the whole world is heading toward the trend of e-voting. Electronic voting devices are supposed to be the answer to the shortages. A secure e-voting system must meet many criteria, including uniqueness, performance, fairness, stability, safety, authentication, and anonymity. Blockchain is a modern security solution, which is capable of securing e-voting system. Blockchain is distributed ledger. Each block contains only one transaction. Block chain provides security using cryptography and hashing. Blockchain provides a perfect infrastructure to provide secure e-voting netwms.ork. Blockchain along with smart contracts need hour to improvise an e-voting system. This paper presents a secure blockchain based framework for an e-electronic voting in Iraq.

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Development of New Spectral Amplitude Coding OCDMA Code by Using Polarization Encoding Technique

et al. 2023

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OCDMA is an optical access technology that has a lot of potential because it can be asynchronously accessed and provides a higher level of security. The authors presented a new DW family code, a flexible double weight (FDW) code, and a novel polarization encoding approach in this paper. The new code is applicable to both odd- and even-weighted codes. The novel polarization encoding approach may be used for numerous wavelengths that overlap. Based on analytic principles, a comparison of two widely used spectrum amplitude-coding SAC-based OCDMA codes, notably modified frequency hopping (MFH), Hadamard, and the double weight (DW) code family. The comparison was based on observing the bit error rate (BER) in each situation. The DW code has a fixed weight of two. The FDW code was introduced to reduce phase-induced intensity noise and multiple access interference (MAI) in transmission networks. FDW codes are versions of the DW code family with weights larger than two. The FDW code outperforms the Hadamard, MFH, DW, modified double weight (MDW), and enhanced double weight (EDW) algorithms. FDW has the capacity to support up to 220 concurrent users. With the new polarization encoding technology, the FDW code can travel up to 60 km at a bit rate of 2.5 Gb/s and 40 km for a 10 Gb/s bit rate.

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A Systematic review of Multi-Mode Fiber based on Dimensional Code in Optical-CDMA

Cited by 3 publications

References 23 publications

Performance Comparison of Different Modulation Formats for a 40 Gbps Hybrid Optical CDMA/DWDM System against ISI and FWM

Performance Comparison of Different Modulation Formats for a 40 Gbps Hybrid Optical CDMA/DWDM System against ISI and FWM

A Framework for Blockchain Based E-Voting System for Iraq

Development of New Spectral Amplitude Coding OCDMA Code by Using Polarization Encoding Technique

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