A Systematic Review of Keratinocyte Secretions: A Regenerative Perspective

Abstract

Cell regenerative therapy is a modern solution for difficult-to-heal wounds. Keratinocytes, the most common cell type in the skin, are difficult to obtain without the creation of another wound. Stem cell differentiation towards keratinocytes is a challenging process, and it is difficult to reproduce in chemically defined media. Nevertheless, a co-culture of keratinocytes with stem cells usually achieves efficient differentiation. This systematic review aims to identify the secretions of normal human keratinocytes reported in the literature and correlate them with the differentiation process. An online search revealed 338 references, of which 100 met the selection criteria. A total of 80 different keratinocyte secretions were reported, which can be grouped mainly into cytokines, growth factors, and antimicrobial peptides. The growth-factor group mostly affects stem cell differentiation into keratinocytes, especially epidermal growth factor and members of the transforming growth factor family. Nevertheless, the reported secretions reflected the nature of the involved studies, as most of them focused on keratinocyte interaction with inflammation. This review highlights the secretory function of keratinocytes, as well as the need for intense investigation to characterize these secretions and evaluate their regenerative capacities.

Optotracers to study biofilms in host-relevant systems and non-conventional treatments usingStaphylococcus aureuswound biofilms as a case study

“…It is important to note that the IVWM contains FBS as the base component, along with matrix factors such as collagen, fibrinogen and fibronectin and biochemical factors, lactic acid and lactoferrin [20]. Further, dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes are also known to secrete matrix proteins, including fibrinogen, fibronectin, collagen and keratin [31,32]. Finally, the EPS of S. aureus biofilms is known to consist of a range of proteins, including host matrix-binding proteins for fibrinogen and fibronectin [30].…”

Regulation of epidermal stratification and development by basal keratinocytes

“…The stemness basal keratinocytes are monolayer columnar cells attached to the basement membrane at the junction of the epidermis and dermis. They differentiate and then constitute the spinous, granular, and corneum layers from the basal to the apical side, generating a stratified squamous epithelium (El-Serafi et al, 2022).…”

“…The stemness basal keratinocytes are monolayer columnar cells attached to the basement membrane at the junction of the epidermis and dermis. They differentiate and then constitute the spinous, granular, and corneum layers from the basal to the apical side, generating a stratified squamous epithelium (El‐Serafi et al, 2022). Basal keratinocytes at the proliferation stage and those exiting the cell cycle express keratin K5 and K14 heterodimer proteins, and K1 and K10, respectively, contributing to the cytoskeleton formation (Jeong et al, 2020).…”

Poria cocos Extract from Mushrooms Stimulates Aquaporin-3 via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway

“… 2 In particular, keratinocytes, which form the skin barrier, are the predominant cell type found in the epidermis and constituting approximately 90% of the epidermal cells. 3 Keratinocytes could handle the inflammatory response as well as skin hydration to maintain the homeostasis of the skin barrier. 4 Thus, to find out whether the drugs/or cosmetics could regulate skin hydration, the determination of water proteins in keratinocytes is essential.…”