“…The toxicity of cadmium [Cd(II)] is a significant issue in some countries. − Heavy Cd(II) ions are environmentally toxic heavy-metal ions that harm all biological functions in plants, animals, and humans, so it was ranked seventh by the agency for toxic substances and disease registry. , As a result, it mimics various elements, causing disruption and alteration at various levels of the ecosystem . Lead [Pb(II)] has the potential to harm the human/animal nervous system, kidneys, liver, brain functions, and reproductive system, and it also leads to some other toxic symptoms such as headache, muscle weakness, anemia, insomnia, dizziness, irritability, and hallucination . To protect our environment and health, these toxic metallic ions should be removed from polluted drinking water using different water treatment methods .…”