A systematic review and meta-analysis of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in wild boars

Fanelli, Angela; Tizzani, Paolo; Buonavoglia, Domenico

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.11.015

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…The inverse variance index (I 2 ) was used to quantify heterogeneity, indicating the I 2 values of 25%, 50%, and 75% as low, moderate, and high heterogeneity, respectively [38]. Outliers were investigated using the Baujat and diagnostic plots [39,40]. The potential publication bias was assessed by the examination of the funnel plot.…”

Section: Methods Of Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermostable Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine: State of the Art and Opportunities to Be Seized

et al. 2022

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The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the weakness of the vaccine supply chain, and the lack of thermostable formulations is one of its major limitations. This study presents evidence from peer-reviewed literature on the development of thermostable vaccines for veterinary use. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to evaluate the immunogenicity and/or the efficacy/effectiveness of thermostable vaccines against infectious diseases. The selected studies (n = 78) assessed the vaccine’s heat stability under different temperature conditions and over different periods. Only one study assessed the exposure of the vaccine to freezing temperatures. Two field studies provided robust evidence on the immunogenicity of commercial vaccines stored at temperatures far in excess of the manufacturer’s recommended cold-chain conditions. The drying process was the most-used method to improve the vaccine’s thermostability, along with the use of different stabilizers. The pooled vaccine efficacy was estimated to be high (VE = 69%), highlighting the importance of vaccination in reducing the economic losses due to the disease impact. These findings provide evidence on the needs and benefits of developing a portfolio of heat- and freeze-stable veterinary vaccines to unleash the true potential of immunization as an essential component of improved animal health and welfare, reduce the burden of certain zoonotic events and thus contribute to economic resilience worldwide.

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Section: Methods Of Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermostable Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine: State of the Art and Opportunities to Be Seized

et al. 2022

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“…Genotypes HEV-1 and HEV-2 are mainly found in humans [ 16 ], while HEV-3 and HEV-4 are considered as common zoonotic viruses that infect humans and several other mammal species, including wild boars [ 17 ]. HEV-5 and HEV-6 were only found in wild boars [ 18 ], HEV-7 in dromedary camels and humans [ 19 , 20 ], and HEV-8 could infect Bactrian camels, rabbit, and Cynomolgus Macaques that possessed zoonotic potential [ 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HEV-3 and HEV-4 were also dominant in humans in Shanghai, China [ 14 ]. Wild boars can be infected with zoonotic genotypes HEV-3 and HEV-4 [ 18 ], which may become natural reservoirs of the viruses and transmit to animals in the farming settings and even humans [ 19 ]. The HEV seroprevalence in wild boars ranged from 5% to 59% in European countries, 0 to 71% in Asian countries, and was reported to be 3% in the USA [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wild boars can be infected with zoonotic genotypes HEV-3 and HEV-4 [ 18 ], which may become natural reservoirs of the viruses and transmit to animals in the farming settings and even humans [ 19 ]. The HEV seroprevalence in wild boars ranged from 5% to 59% in European countries, 0 to 71% in Asian countries, and was reported to be 3% in the USA [ 18 ]. In China, the findings on the prevalence and molecular characteristics of HEV infection in wild boars are still limited, even in farmed wild boars for meat consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Feral and Farmed Wild Boars in Xinjiang, Northwest China

Meng

Wei

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes infections in humans and a wide range of animal hosts. Wild boar is an important natural reservoir of HEV genotypes 3–6 (HEV-3–HEV-6), but comparative analysis of HEV infections in both feral and farmed wild boars remains limited. In this study, samples from 599 wild boars were collected during 2017–2020, including 121 feral wild boars (collected 121 fecal, 121 serum, and 89 liver samples) and 478 farmed wild boars (collected 478 fecal and 478 serum samples). The presence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies were detected by the HEV-IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. HEV RNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), targeting the partial ORF1 genes from fecal and liver samples, and the obtained genes were further genotyped by phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that 76.2% (95% CI 72.1–79.9) of farmed wild boars tested anti-HEV IgG seropositive, higher than that in feral wild boars (42.1%, 95% CI 33.2–51.5, p < 0.001). HEV seropositivity increased with age. Wild boar HEV infection presented a significant geographical difference (p < 0.001), but not between sex (p = 0.656) and age (p = 0.347). HEV RNA in fecal samples was detected in 13 (2.2%, 95% CI 1.2–3.7) out of 599 wild boars: 0.8% (95% CI 0.0–4.5, 1/121) of feral wild boars and 2.5% (95% CI 1.3–4.3, 12/478) of farmed wild boars. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all these viruses belonged to genotype HEV-4, and further grouped into sub-genotypes HEV-4a, HEV-4d, and HEV-4h, of which HEV-4a was first discovered in the wild boar populations in China. Our results suggested that farms could be a setting for amplification of HEV. The risk of HEV zoonotic transmission via rearing and consumption of farmed wild boars should be further assessed.

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“…There is ample evidence that HEV-3 is endemic in domestic swine and wild boar populations in Europe and the Americas (10,31,35). Therefore, exposure to wild or domestic swine and consumption of raw or undercooked pork or game meat are considered risk factors for HEV infection (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the Effect of Organic Acids on Inactivation of Hepatitis E Virus

McLeod

Belford

Harlow

et al. 2022

Journal of Food Protection

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Infection with hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3) is an emerging cause of illness in developed countries. In North America and Europe, HEV-3 has been increasingly detected in swine, and exposure to pigs and pork products is considered the primary source of infection. We have previously demonstrated the prevalence of the HEV-3 genome in commercial pork products in Canada. In this study, we investigated the application of citric acid and acetic acid to inactivate HEV-3 on food and on food-contact surfaces. For this purpose, plastic, stainless steel and pork pâté surfaces were inoculated with HEV-3 and were treated with acetic acid or citric acid at 1%, 3%, or 5%. The infectivity of post treatment viral particles was determined by cell culture. A greater than 2-log reduction in viral infectivity was observed on plastic and stainless steel treated with the organic acids, but the treatment was much less effective on HEV infectivity on pork pâté (average reductions of 0.47 log citric acid, and 0.63 log acetic acid). Therefore, we conclude that citric acid and acetic acid have potential application to control HEV-3 on food contact surfaces, but are not suitable for food.

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A systematic review and meta-analysis of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in wild boars

Cited by 11 publications

References 121 publications

Thermostable Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine: State of the Art and Opportunities to Be Seized

Thermostable Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine: State of the Art and Opportunities to Be Seized

Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Feral and Farmed Wild Boars in Xinjiang, Northwest China

Examining the Effect of Organic Acids on Inactivation of Hepatitis E Virus

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