A systematic description of cacao clones. III. Relationships between clones, between characteristics and some consequences for the cacao breeding

Engels, J. M. M.

doi:10.1007/bf00042152

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The mean seed weight showed a normal distribution and a high level of heritability (≥0.5), confirming previous studies with similar results (Enriquez and Soria 1968;Engel 1983;Cilas et al 1989). It is, therefore, relatively easy to increase seed size in the species T. cacao by conventional selection methods.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Relations between several traits linked to sexual plant reproduction in Theobroma cacao L.: number of ovules per ovary, number of seeds per pod, and seed weight

Cilas

Machado²,

Motamayor³

2009

Tree Genetics & Genomes

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Tropical perennial plants cultivated outside their place of origin call for major germplasm characterization and prebreeding work. For cacao breeding, the selection process has to optimize the weight of cacao beans produced per tree by increasing the number of pods produced, the number of seeds per pod (NoSP), and the mean weight of seeds produced (SW). NoSP and SW were studied over nine consecutive years in a collection of more than 200 clones. The number of ovules per ovary (NoOV) was also examined in a subsample of this collection in order to evaluate the ability to predict NoSP. NoSP and SW showed a relatively normal distribution with heritabilities of 0.29 and 0.51, respectively. The composite trait "mean seed weight per pod" showed a generalized extreme value distribution of intermediate heritability (0.43). NoSP and SW were found to be genetically independent. NoOV was highly heritable (h 2 =0.810), but it did not provide good prediction of NoSP. The largest seeds were observed in genotypes derived from crosses between cultivated cacao trees, which had been formerly domesticated. Domestication therefore favored seed size, while for the other traits examined, similar variation was found between wild and domesticated populations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Relations between several traits linked to sexual plant reproduction in Theobroma cacao L.: number of ovules per ovary, number of seeds per pod, and seed weight

Cilas

Machado²,

Motamayor³

2009

Tree Genetics & Genomes

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“…This is unlike previous studies where the emphasis was on morphological variation of cacao in field genebank collections (Engels 1983;Bekele et al 1994;Bekele & Bekele 1996;Iwaro et al 2003;Bekele et al 2006). Analysis of variance showed significant morphological variation in cacao accessions maintained in farmers' field collections and also between accessions from the field genebank and farmers' fields in bean and fruit traits.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

Variation in agro-morphological characteristics of cacao,Theobroma cacaoL., in farmers' fields in Nigeria

Aikpokpodion

2010

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

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Knowledge of available variability in a crop species provides a guide for the utilization and conservation of useful variation. Seventeen agro-morphological traits were studied in 184 accessions of cacao, Theobroma cacao L. collected from farmers' fields (138) and field genebank collections (46). Descriptive statistics*univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA)*were used to determine variation among accessions. Multivariate analysis with principal component analysis (PCA) was done and a cluster dendrogram was generated based on the unweighted pair group mean with arithmetic average (UPGMA). The first three principal component axes accounted for 43.6% of total variation observed among accessions studied. Quantitative bean traits*dry bean weight, nib weight, fresh weight, cotyledon length and cotyledon width*and qualitative fruit traits*basal constriction, apex form, ridge colour, fruit shape, flush colour and cotyledon shape*were the most important traits accounting for the variability observed. Six groups of accessions were obtained from cluster analysis. Fruit and bean traits of Upper Amazon Forasteros observed in farmers' accessions provided evidence of a shift from previously grown local 'West African Amelonado' from the Lower Amazon Forastero population. In conclusion, this study revealed some accessions with useful trait combinations in farmers' plantations and indicated a need to conserve the local 'Amelonado' landrace variety to avoid extinction and to preserve the unique flavour of 'West African Amelonado' in cocoa breeding programmes.

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“…However, in the Venezuelan cultivated population, three regions were associated to the pigmentation of different organs (Table 4). Engels (1983) observed high correlations in the pigmentation between the different structures of the cocoa plant, including cotyledons. These correlations are in agreement with the co-localization of markers related to the pigmentation of different structures in the cacao plant, especially in a small region of LG4, in which marker mTcCIR115 is located.…”

Section: Pigmentation Traitsmentioning

confidence: 87%

A genomewide admixture mapping study for yield factors and morphological traits in a cultivated cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) population

Marcano

Morales

Hoyer

et al. 2008

Tree Genetics & Genomes

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The selection of productive varieties of modern Criollo cocoa, showing fine aromatic qualities in their beans, is of major interest for some producing countries, such as Venezuela. Cultivated populations of Modern Criollo or Trinitario varieties may be suitable for admixture mapping analysis, as large blocks of alleles derived from two identified divergent ancestors, recently admixed, are still preserved, after a few generations of recombination, similar to experimental mapping progenies. Two hundred and fifty-seven individuals from a cultivated population of Modern Criollo were selected and analysed with 92 microsatellite markers distributed along the genome. This population exhibited a wide range of variability for yield factors and morphological features. Population structure analysis identified two main subgroups corresponding to the admixture from the two ancestors Criollo and Forastero. Several significant associations between markers and phenotypic data (yield factors and morphological traits) were identified by a least squares general linear model (GLM) taking into account the population structure and the percentage of admixture of each individual. Results were compared with classical QTL analyses previously reported for other cacao populations. Most markers associated to quantitative traits were very close to QTLs detected formerly for the same traits. Associations were also identified between markers and several qualitative traits including the red pigmentation observed in different organs, mainly associated to common markers in linkage group 4.

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A systematic description of cacao clones. III. Relationships between clones, between characteristics and some consequences for the cacao breeding

Cited by 26 publications

References 9 publications

Relations between several traits linked to sexual plant reproduction in Theobroma cacao L.: number of ovules per ovary, number of seeds per pod, and seed weight

Relations between several traits linked to sexual plant reproduction in Theobroma cacao L.: number of ovules per ovary, number of seeds per pod, and seed weight

Variation in agro-morphological characteristics of cacao,Theobroma cacaoL., in farmers' fields in Nigeria

A genomewide admixture mapping study for yield factors and morphological traits in a cultivated cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) population

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