A systematic approach to modeling impedances and current distribution in planar magnetics

Chen, Minjie; Araghchini, Mohammad; Afridi, Khurram K.; Lang, Jeffrey H.; Sullivan, Charles R.; Perreault, David J.

doi:10.1109/compel.2014.6877143

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…[1][2][3] From a design point of view, planar inductor electrical behavior cannot be precisely predicted by the conventional inductor models. [4][5][6] In particular, the skin, the proximity, and the parasitic capacitances effects are complex devices to model, particularly during large frequency domain. In the work of Han et al, 5 the electromagnetic simulation is considered to be modeling planar components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A spiral planar inductor: An experimentally verified physically based model for frequency and time domains

Ammouri¹,

Salah²,

Morel

2017

Int J Numerical Modelling

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The results of a comprehensive investigation of spiral inductors are presented. A physically based model includes the self and mutual inductances, the capacitances between adjacent turns, the substrate capacitance, and the ohmic loss effects proposed. Heterogeneous simulation scheme, including circuit and device models during time and frequency domains, is successfully implemented in VHDL-AMS language and is simulated numerically in Simplorer platform.The model has been validated during frequency domain with measurement data of spirals having different geometries and various sizes. Moreover, the fabricated spiral inductors are evaluated in DC-DC power converter to benchmark the model accuracy. Simulation and experimental results show excellent agreement.Validity domain is discussed. | INTRODUCTIONIn the work of Ouyang and Andersen, 1 they specified various problems related to the integration of power electronic systems. The authors demonstrated that the large mass/volume of a given power system is occupied by magnetic components. These components may be optimized using planar printed circuit board (PCB) devices. Compared with the conventional magnetic components, planar technology is printed directly on circuit board (PCB) with low profile and offers the flexibility of winding geometry and large shape. [1][2][3] From a design point of view, planar inductor electrical behavior cannot be precisely predicted by the conventional inductor models. [4][5][6] In particular, the skin, the proximity, and the parasitic capacitances effects are complex devices to model, particularly during large frequency domain. In the work of Han et al, 5 the electromagnetic simulation is considered to be modeling planar components. However, this method is not only cumbersome and time-consuming but also difficult to develop into general electronically circuit simulations. Other original models are reported by Wang et al. 6 However, this model is not dependent on the geometrical parameters and the layout process. Moreover, its model parameters are not used fairly to optimize the planar inductor layout. In a previous work, 3 a simple square planar inductor model is developed and simulated inside a power converter during time domain. 7 However, the validation process appeared quite limited at frequency domain and for different planar inductor structures such as hexagonal and octagonal structures (Figure 1). So far, literature has addressed models of planar inductor but was not able to simulate different inductor designs. It is thus necessary to assess the planar inductor electrical performances and its validation not only during time domain but also during frequency domain for different inductor structures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A spiral planar inductor: An experimentally verified physically based model for frequency and time domains

Ammouri¹,

Salah²,

Morel

2017

Int J Numerical Modelling

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“…However, the currents do not necessarily split evenly over the PCB layers, and depending on the winding and core configuration, paralleled windings can have circulating currents, adding to winding loss [23] [26]. M2Spice, a tool developed in [23], generates a lumped model SPICE netlist from a customizable winding configuration and PCB layer stack, allowing one to visualize each layer's currents in the time domain. The model can also be included in the converter netlist to simulate the magnetic component's incircuit behavior for a variety of operating points.…”

Section: Paralleled Windingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Evaluation of a Reconfigurable Stacked Active Bridge DC–DC Converter for Efficient Wide Load Range Operation

Abramson

Gunter

Otten

et al. 2018

IEEE Trans. Power Electron.

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This thesis presents the design and implementation of a step-down soft-switched dc-dc converter based on an active bridge topology which overcomes some of the limitations of the conventional dual-active bridge (DAB). The topology comprises a double-stacked bridge inverter, coupled to a reconfigurable rectifier through a special three-winding leakage transformer. The converter can run in a low power mode that greatly increases light-load efficiency by reducing core loss and extending the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) range. The converter is implemented with a single compact magnetic component, providing power combining, isolation, and energy transfer inductance.The theory of the converter and its various operating modes, referred to in this thesis as the Double-Stacked Active Bridge converter, is also explored, and a magnetic model of the special three-winding transformer and leakage inductance is presented. The target application is for 380 V dc distribution systems for data centers, where the converter operates for the majority of the time at the nominal input voltage, but must have high efficiency over a wide load range. A 175 kHz, 300 W, 380 V to 12 V prototype converter achieves 95.9% efficiency at full load, a peak efficiency of 97.0%, an efficiency above 92.7% down to 10% load and an efficiency above 79.8% down to 3.3% load.

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“…Certainly, the method proposed by M. Chen et al (7) is free from magnetic field analysis because this method models planar inductors as lumped circuit models. As a result, this method utilizes the circuit theory for analysis of the AC current distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Certainly, practical analytical methods with simple model construction have been proposed in the preceding works (3) (6) (7) . However, these methods may still suffer from comparatively complicated calculation process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, an extremely thick wire may cause difficulty in forming a winding because of its excessive stiffness. Therefore, the winding is often made as parallel-connected wires to increase the wire cross-sectional area (1)- (7) . Parallel-connected wires offer effective copper loss reduction particularly for the DC current because the DC current distribution depends on the parasitic resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extremum Co-Energy Principle for Analyzing AC Current Distribution in Parallel-Connected Wires of High-Frequency Power Inductors

et al. 2018

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Inductor winding is often comprised of parallel-connected wires to suppress copper loss. However, in high-frequency inductors, the proximity effect can cause concentrated AC current distribution, hindering the suppression of the copper loss. Therefore, optimization of the physical inductor structure requires predicting the AC current distribution caused by the proximity effect. Certainly, simulators have been commonly employed for predicting the AC current distribution. However, simple analytical methods are also required for efficient design or invention of inductor structures that have more uniform AC current distribution among the parallel-connected wires. The paper proposes a novel simple analysis method for AC current distribution in parallel-connected wires of high-frequency inductors. The proposed method is based on a novel insight that AC current is distributed to give an extremum of the magnetic co-energy contributed by the AC flux under the given total AC current. Analysis of basic inductor structures revealed that the proposed method can derive the AC current distribution by straightforward calculation. In addition, experiments supported the analysis results. Consequently, the proposed method is suggested to be promising for developing inductor structures with less copper loss.

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A systematic approach to modeling impedances and current distribution in planar magnetics

Cited by 19 publications

References 40 publications

A spiral planar inductor: An experimentally verified physically based model for frequency and time domains

A spiral planar inductor: An experimentally verified physically based model for frequency and time domains

Design and Evaluation of a Reconfigurable Stacked Active Bridge DC–DC Converter for Efficient Wide Load Range Operation

Extremum Co-Energy Principle for Analyzing AC Current Distribution in Parallel-Connected Wires of High-Frequency Power Inductors

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