1974
DOI: 10.1016/0032-0633(74)90028-2
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A synoptic investigation of particle precipitation dynamics for 60 substorms in IQSY (1964–1965) and IASY (1969)

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Cited by 99 publications
(134 citation statements)
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“…The highest speed was observed near the lowest latitude stations, while higher latitude results were all less than 0.7 km/s. Berkey et al [1974] found poleward expansion speeds of 0.3-1.9 km/s from observations of 26 substorm events at stations between 57°and 76°magnetic latitude. A tendency for speeds to decrease above 71°magnetic latitude was also reported.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 82%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The highest speed was observed near the lowest latitude stations, while higher latitude results were all less than 0.7 km/s. Berkey et al [1974] found poleward expansion speeds of 0.3-1.9 km/s from observations of 26 substorm events at stations between 57°and 76°magnetic latitude. A tendency for speeds to decrease above 71°magnetic latitude was also reported.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 82%
“…For a number of events, they found that a sharp rise in plasma sheet electron flux for energies >30 keV (dispersionless injection) was often accompanied (under certain conditions) by a sharp rise in riometer absorption due to sudden enhancement of ionization in the lower ionosphere. If multiple riometers pick up this ionospheric signature of high energy particle precipitation, then tracking the movement of these signatures can give insight into the spatial and temporal evolution of the substorm injection region [Berkey et al, 1974;Liang et al, 2007;Liu et al, 2007;Spanswick et al, 2009]. In this study, we extend this ground-based method of identifying substorm precipitation signatures to GPS TEC, assuming that enhanced electron density due to high-energy particle precipitation will produce detectable TEC enhancements.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Hargreaves, 1970;Berkey et al, 1974;Nielsen, 1980;Stauning et al, 1995;Kainuma et al, 2001;del Pozo et al, 2002, and references therein). Berkey et al (1974), by considering a large number of synoptic absorption maps from over 40 riometer stations in the subauroral, auroral, and polar cap latitudes during substorm conditions, concluded that the absorption maxima in most cases moved eastward from the substorm injection area with a velocity of 0.7-7 km/s, consistent with the idea that the motion of auroral particles injected during the substorm into the nightside ionosphere is governed by gradient-curvature (GC) drift. Hargreaves (1970), using the absorption data from 4 closely-spaced riometers, found a significantly lower (from 80 m/s to 3.3 km/s) range of velocities of eastward expansion with a significant number of absorption events expanding westward.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This makes it ideal for the study of the intense and rapidly varying absorption which is induced primarily by high-energy electron precipitation in the auroral regions, and it is on this area of research that the majority of these instruments have been focused. Networks of riometers in the polar regions have enabled the general morphology of the auroral substorm to be defined [Berkey et al, 1974] [Hargreaves and Jarvis, 1986]. In 1998 an imaging riometer system operating at a frequency of 38.2 MHz was deployed at Halley alongside this wide-beam array, necessitating the construction of an array of 64 crossed-dipole antennas and a ground plane.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%