A Survey on Zero-Knowledge Proof in Blockchain

Sun, Xiaoqiang; Yu, F. Richard; Zhang, Peng; Sun, Zhiwei; Xie, Weixin; Peng, Xiang

doi:10.1109/mnet.011.2000473

Cited by 119 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The prover wants to convince the verifier that a statement is true without revealing other information. The zeroknowledge protocol consists of three communication phases between the prover and the verifier [8]:…”

Section: Zero-knowledge Proofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking Souls to Humans with ZKBID: Accountable Anonymous Blockchain Accounts for Web 3.0 Decentralized Identity

Wang¹,

Zhang²,

Liew³

2023

Preprint

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A decentralized identity system that can provide users with self-sovereign digital identities to facilitate complete control over their own data is paramount to Web 3.0. The accounting system on blockchain is an ideal archetype for realizing Web 3.0 decentralized identity: users can create their accounts without registering with a central agent. Such an identity system is endowed with anonymity property: nobody knows the account's owner because the relationship between an account and the owner is invisible. Thus, user privacy is well protected even though the account's data is public. However, a disadvantage of such complete anonymity is that users can create multiple accounts without authentication to obfuscate their activities on the blockchain. In particular, the current anonymous blockchain account system cannot accurately register the social relationships and interactions between real human users, given the amorphous mappings between users and blockchain identities. Mistrust can be a major hurdle to the large-scale deployment of Web 3.0. This work proposes ZKBID, a zero-knowledge blockchain-account-based Web 3.0 decentralized identity scheme, to overcome endemic mistrust in blockchain account systems. ZKBID links souls (blockchain accounts) to humans (users) in a one-to-one manner to truly reflect the societal relationships and interactions between humans on the blockchain. With ZKBID, the users are accountable for their accounts anonymously, preserving privacy. ZKBID authenticates users using face match and then maps authenticated users to accounts. Zero-knowledge proofs encode the face match results, and user-account mappings employ linkable ring signatures to preserve anonymity. Importantly, ZKBID is fully decentralized: all user-related data are generated by users and verified by smart contracts on the blockchain. We implemented ZKBID and built a blockchain test network for evaluation purposes. Our tests demonstrate the effectiveness of ZKBID and suggest proper ways to configure ZKBID system parameters.

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Section: Zero-knowledge Proofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking Souls to Humans with ZKBID: Accountable Anonymous Blockchain Accounts for Web 3.0 Decentralized Identity

Wang¹,

Zhang²,

Liew³

2023

Preprint

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“…During the Challenge Phase, the verifier poses a series of questions to the prover. The prover answers these questions in the Response Phase, which the verifier might use to approve or disapprove the generated proof [176]. A true ZKP must possess the following three fundamental properties:…”

Section: Table 8 (Continued)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-Based Identity Management System and Self-Sovereign Identity Ecosystem: A Comprehensive Survey

et al. 2022

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Identity Management System (IDMS) refers to how users or individuals are identified and authorized to use organizational systems and services. Since traditional identity management and authentication systems rely heavily on a trusted central authority, they cannot mitigate the effects of single points of failure. As a decentralized and distributed public ledger in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, Blockchain (BC) technology has garnered a considerable amount of attention in the field of IDMS in recent years. Through Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI), users can have full authority over their digital identity. Successful implementation of a BC-based IDMS can significantly increase the degree of privacy and security of a user's SSI. However, the integration of BC-based IMDS to provide a user with SSI is still an unorganized area of research in its early stages of development. This article presents an extensive literature review of state-of-the-art academic publications as well as commercial market offerings regarding the applicability of BC-based SSI solutions. It also provides a detailed preliminary regarding the building blocks of blockchain technology and a progressive roadmap of IDMS solutions. In order to develop an effective BC-based IDMS solution that focuses on securing a user's SSI, this article outline five essential components of a BC-based IDMS: authentication, integrity, privacy, trust, and simplicity. Furthermore, we perform a security analysis that outlines several types of adversarial threats that can cause potential damage to the BC-based IDMS. We identify and discuss associated issues and challenges by analyzing several notable BC-based IDMS solutions in academic literature. We also highlight potential research gaps and provide future research scope.INDEX TERMS Blockchain, peer-to-peer network, identity management system, self-sovereign identity, security.

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“…A conductive numerical proof of ZKP applicability is discussed deeply in [47], [48] to achieve confidential transactions and private smart contracts in blockchain technology. Moreover, they emphasized on ZKP ability to provide a verifiable proof of the user's identity using remote biometric authentication, without leaking the biometric modalities to untrusted parties.…”

Section: Securing Biometric Data During Authenticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical Studies of TESLA Protocol: Properties, Implementations, and Replacement of Public Cryptography Using Biometric Authentication

et al. 2022

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This study discusses the general overview of Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication (TESLA) protocol, including its properties, key setups, and improvement protocols. The discussion includes a new proposed two-level infinite µTESLA (TLI µTESLA) protocol that solves the authentication delay and synchronization issues. We theoretically compared TLI µTESLA with the previously proposed protocols in terms of security services and showed that the new protocol prevents excessive use of the buffer in the sensor node and reduces the DoS attacks on the network. In addition, it accelerates the authentication process of the broadcasted message with less delay and assures continuous receipt of packets compared to previous TESLA Protocols. We also addressed the challenges faced during the implementation of TESLA protocol and presented the recent solutions and parameter choices for improving the efficiency of the TESLA protocol. Moreover, we focused on utilizing biometric authentication as a promising approach to replace public cryptography in the authentication process.INDEX TERMS Biometric authentication, lightweight cryptography, machine learning, TESLA protocol. I. INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTWEIGHT CRYPTOGRAPHYCurrently, the internet of things (IoT) is rapidly expanding and being applied to several fields, such as in healthcare monitoring, environmental monitoring, smart censoring, and vital decision-making in different professional careers. However, the challenging features of IoT include their involvement in constrained devices such as RFIDs, sensor devices, and mobile phones, which have limited energy resources, communication bandwidth, and memory storage. With the increase in the application of these IoT devices, they become vulnerable to malicious attacks, and thus, the implementation of efficient yet lightweight security protocols is urgently needed [1].Lightweight cryptography involves simplified encryption protocols and schemes with low computational complexity that can be processed on such constrained devices to provide adequate security, considering the limited energy, bandwidth,The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Mouloud Denai .

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A Survey on Zero-Knowledge Proof in Blockchain

Cited by 119 publications

References 13 publications

Linking Souls to Humans with ZKBID: Accountable Anonymous Blockchain Accounts for Web 3.0 Decentralized Identity

Linking Souls to Humans with ZKBID: Accountable Anonymous Blockchain Accounts for Web 3.0 Decentralized Identity

Blockchain-Based Identity Management System and Self-Sovereign Identity Ecosystem: A Comprehensive Survey

Empirical Studies of TESLA Protocol: Properties, Implementations, and Replacement of Public Cryptography Using Biometric Authentication

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