A Survey on Scalable LoRaWAN for Massive IoT: Recent Advances, Potentials, and Challenges

Jouhari, Mohammed; Amhoud, El Mehdi; Saeed, Nasir; Alouini, Mohamed‐Slim

doi:10.48550/arxiv.2202.11082

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…[21] Surveys LoRa from a systematic perspective: LoRa analysis, communication, security, and its enabled applications. [46] Surveys the scalability challenges/solutions to assist. LoRaWAN deployment in massive IoT networks mance in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, and also analyze the BER performance considering phase and frequency offsets, which are inevitable in lowcost devices used in LPWANs.…”

Section: B Motivation and Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Chirp Spread Spectrum-based Waveform Design for IoT

Azim¹,

Bazzi²,

Shubair³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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<p>Long Range (LoRa) is one of the most promising and widespread chirp spread spectrum (CSS)-based physical (PHY) layer technique for low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs). Using different spreading factors, LoRa can attain different spectral/energy efficiencies, and can target multitude of Internet-of-Thing (IoT) applications. However, one of the limiting factors for LoRa is the low bit rate. Little to no effort has been made in order to improve the achievable rate of LoRa, until recently, when a number of CSS-based PHY layer LoRa alternative are proposed for LPWANs. In this survey, for the first time, we present a comprehensive waveform design of these CSS-based schemes that have been proposed between 2019 to 2022. In total, fifteen alternatives to LoRa are compared. Other survey articles related to LoRa mostly tackle different issues, such as LoRa networking, LoRa deployment in massive IoT networks, and LoRa architectures, etc. This survey, on the other hand, comprehensively elucidates the waveform design of LoRa alternatives. The CSS schemes studied in this survey are divided into single chirp, multiple chirp, and index modulation based on the multiplexing pattern of the chirps. Complete transceiver architecture of these CSS schemes is studied, and performance is evaluated in terms of energy efficiency (EE), spectral efficiency (SE), bit-error rate (BER) performance in additive white Gaussian noise, BER in the presence of phase and frequency offsets. It has been observed that the EE, SE and robustness against the offsets is primarily linked to transmit symbol frame structure. The public versions of the MATLAB codes for the CSS schemes studied in this survey shall be provided to promote reproducible research.</p>

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Section: B Motivation and Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Chirp Spread Spectrum-based Waveform Design for IoT

Azim¹,

Bazzi²,

Shubair³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…LoRa is a narrowband communication technology patented by Semtech [25], and is a kind of physical layer modulation technologies that utilize Chirp (Compressed High Intensity Radar Pulse) Spread Spectrum (CSS) to achieve significant long communication range and robustness to interference on the premise of low power consumption [26,27], and this is also the key to make LoRa stay competitive compared with other LPWAN technologies. A comparison between LoRa and other mainstream IoT wireless communication technologies is listed in [28−31].…”

Section: Lora Radio Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Evolved LoRa-Based Communication Technologies for Emerging Internet of Things Applications

Yao¹,

Ding²,

Hong

et al. 2022

IJNDI

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Survey/review study A Survey on Evolved LoRa-Based Communication Technologies for Emerging Internet of Things Applications Fang Yao 1,3, Yulong Ding 2,3,*, Shengguang Hong 2,4, and Shuang-Hua Yang 2,5,* 1 The Ta-tech company, Nanjing 210009, China 2 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Safety and Security for Next Generation of Industrial Internet, Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China 3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China 4 The School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China 5 Department of Computer Science, University of Reading, West Berkshire RG6 6UR, United Kingdom * Correspondence: dingyl@sustech.edu.cn; Shuang-hua.yang@reading.ac.uk Received: 17 September 2022 Accepted: 17 October 2022 Published: 22 December 2022 Abstract: The concept of Internet of Things (IoT) greatly extends the coverage area that human being is able to perceive, access, and even control. By connecting various “Things” to the Internet, the IoT makes it possible to measure and manage the physical world as needed. As one of the most widely adopted Low Power Wide Area network technologies, the Long-Range-Radio (LoRa) has the features of long range, low power, and robustness, and thus plays an important role in building IoT applications where IoT objects are connected to the internet at affordable costs. Since the development of LoRa, many IoT applications have adopted LoRa and achieved success in the market. Currently, IoT technologies keep evolving towards different fields, giving rise to multifarious IoT applications including industrial IoT, smart city IoT, healthcare IoT, and direct-to-satellite IoT. In the meantime, LoRa also keeps developing and finding its position in various IoT applications either as a main or complementary player. The objective of this survey is to (1) provide a fundamental understanding of the LoRa technology; (2) explore research activities studying LoRa based communication systems for new IoT applications; and (3) demonstrate how the LoRa technology works together with other technologies to deliver better IoT services to end users.

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“…In addition, the limited features of LoRaWAN, such as spreading factors (SF) from 7 to 9, bandwidths (125, 250 and 500 kHZ), and code rate (4/5, 4/6, 4/7 and 4/8), prevent the massive deployment of EDs. SF assignment mechanisms, efficient interference cancellation schemes, and novel densification techniques, multi-hop transmission may be solutions to the scalability challenge [ 52 ].…”

Section: Current Research Directions In Lorawanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of LoRaWAN 1.0 and 1.1 Protocols Security Mechanisms

Loukil

Fourati

Nayyar

et al. 2022

Sensors

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LoRaWAN is a low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology protocol introduced by the LoRa Alliance in 2015. It was designed for its namesake features: long range, low power, low data rate, and wide area networks. Over the years, several proposals on protocol specifications have addressed various challenges in LoRaWAN, focusing on its architecture and security issues. All of these specifications must coexist, giving rise to the compatibility issues impacting the sustainability of this technology. This paper studies the compatibility issues in LoRaWAN protocols. First, we detail the different protocol specifications already disclosed by the LoRa Alliance in two major versions, v1.0 and v1.1. This is done through presenting two scenarios where we discuss the communication and security mechanisms. In the first scenario, we describe how an end node (ED) and network server (NS) implementing LoRaWAN v1.0 generate session security keys and exchange messages for v1.0. In the second scenario, we describe how an ED v1.1 and an NS v1.1 communicate after generating security session keys. Next, we highlight the compatibility issues between the components implementing the two different LoRaWAN Specifications (mainly v1.0 and v1.1). Next, we present two new scenarios (scenarios 3 and 4) interchanging the ED and NS versions. In scenario three, we detail how an ED implementing LoRaWAN v1.1 communicates with an NS v1.0. Conversely, in scenario four, we explain how an ED v1.0 and an NS v1.1 communicate. In all these four scenarios, we highlight the concerns with security mechanism: show security session keys are generated and how integrity and confidentiality are guaranteed in LoRaWAN. At the end, we present a comparative table of these four compatibility scenarios.

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A Survey on Scalable LoRaWAN for Massive IoT: Recent Advances, Potentials, and Challenges

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

A Survey on Chirp Spread Spectrum-based Waveform Design for IoT

A Survey on Chirp Spread Spectrum-based Waveform Design for IoT

A Survey on Evolved LoRa-Based Communication Technologies for Emerging Internet of Things Applications

Analysis of LoRaWAN 1.0 and 1.1 Protocols Security Mechanisms

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